UNIVERSITY    OF    MONTANA 

BULLETIN  No.  30 
BIOLOGICAL   SERIES  No.   1O 


The    Butterflies    of    Montana 

With  Keys  for  Determination  of  Species 

Morton  John  Elrod,   Ph.D., 

j  9  Professor  of  Biology,  University   of    Montana,    Director   of 

4  University  of  Montana  Biological  Station, 

Q 

ASSISTED  BY  FRANCES  INEZ  MALEY,  A.B. 


A  Nature  Study  Bulletin,  for  the  use  of  Teachers, 
Students  and  others  who  wish  to  study  the  Butterflies; 
with  one  colored  plate,  twelve  plates  in  black  and 
white,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  figures. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA, 

Missoula,  Montana,  U.  S.  A. 

January,  1906- 


Entered  August  24,    1901,  at  Missoula,   Montana,  as  second  class  matter,  under 
act  of  Congress  July   16,    1894. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    MONTANA 

BULLETIN  No.  3O 
BIOLOGICAL,   SEHIES  No.   1O 


/The    Butterflies    of    Montana 


With  Keys  for  Determination  of  Species 
by 

Morton  John   Elrod,   Ph.D., 
(\ 

Professor  of  Biology,  University  of    Montana,    Director   of 
University  of  Montana  Biological  Station, 

ASSISTED  BY  FRANCES  INEZ  MALEY,  A.B. 


A  Nature  Study  Bulletin,  for  the  use  of  Teachers, 
Students  and  others  who  wish  to  study  the  Butterflies; 
with  one  colored  plate,  twelve  plates  in  black  and 
white,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  figures. 


UNIVERSITY  OF   MONTANA, 

Missoula,  Montana,  U.  S.  A. 

January,  1906. 


Entered   August  24,    1901,  at  Missoula,   Montana,   as  second  class  matter,  under 
act  of  Congress  July    16,    1894. 


"INDEPENDENT  PUBLISHINB  i 


Copyrighted,    1906,  by 

"he  University  of  Montani 


TO  THE  BOYS  AND  GIRLS  OF  MONTANA,  WHO 
DELIGHT  IN  ROAMING  THE  HILLS  OR  IN  FOLLOW- 
ING TH^  BANKS  OF  THE  STREAMS. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  VII 


EXPLANATION    OF   PLATE    I. 

Fig.  1.  Oeneas  chryxus,  Doubleday  and  Hewitson,  showing  lower 
surface. 

Fig.  2.  Upper  surface  of  Lemonias  chalcedon,  Doubleday  and  Hewit- 
son. 

Fig.  3.     Upper  surface  of  Phyciodes  mylitta,  Edwards. 

Fig.  4.     Upper  surface  of  male  Chalceria  rubidus,  Edwards. 

Fig.  6.     Lower  surface  of  Cercyonis  sylvestris,  var  charon,  Edwards. 

Fig.  6.     Lower  surface  of  Thecla  acadica,  Edwards. 

From  water  color  drawings  by  Mrs.  Edith  Ricker. 

All  figures  enlarged  about  one-third. 


Univ.  of  Mont.,  Bui.   Biol.  Series  No.  1O. 


PLATE  I. 


2. 


6. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  IX 


Preface. 


In  preparing  some  Nature  Study  work  for  teachers  it  became  appar- 
ent that  teachers  have  little  to  work  on  in  this  region  to  enable  them 
to  prepare  studies  on  butterflies.  It  was  really  to  assist  teachers  and 
others  in  identifying  specimens  that  this  bulletin  was  prepared.  It  is 
hoped  that  it  will  meet  the  needs  of  teachers  and  be  of  material  assistance 
to  them.  The  boys  and  girls  of  the  state  have  little  to  assist  them  in 
the  study  of  natural  history  specimens  of  the  state,  since  the  books  which 
would  be  serviceable  are  either  too  expensice  or  too  volumnious  to  handle. 
If  the  study  of  the  butterflies  is  stimulated  in  the  coming  generation  the 
writer  will  feel  amply  repaid. 

Full  credit  for  most  of  the  assistance  rendered  has  been  given  in  the 
Introduction.  Mrs.  C.  A.  Wiley,  of  Miles  City,  has  very  kindly  placed  at 
our  disposal  a  copy  of  Edwards'  Butterflies  of  North  America,  with  colored 
plates.  Supt.  P.  M.  Silloway  of,  Lewistown,  has  rendered  material  aid 
in  collecting  specimens  at  Swan  lake.  The  glossary  has  been  prepared 
by  Josiah  J.  Moore,  of  Anaconda,  a  student  at  the  University  of  Montana. 
The  index  nas  largely  been  prepared  by  my  wife. 

I  offer  no  apology  for  making  some  of  the  descriptions  much  longer 
than  others.  Some  of  these  are  totally  inaccessible  to  hundreds  of  those 
who  will  use  this  work.  A  lengthy  description  of  a  species  that  will  be 
difficult  of  determination  will  be  of  great  service  to  the  young  student. 
Where  the  specific  characters  are  easy  of  determination  and  good  photo- 
graphs are  supplied  the  descriptions  are  brief. 

After  the  matter  was  all  in  type  a  list  of  butterflies  was  received  from 
Prof.  Ezra  Allen,  of  the  State  Normal  at  Dillon,  which  specimens  have 
been  incorporated  in  the  work.  The  information  in  this  bulletin  includes 
reference  to  specimens  collected  in  the  eastern  end  of  the  state  at  Miles 
City,  the  central  portion  at  Bozeman,  the  southern  part  at  Aldridge  and 
Dillon,  the  main  Rocky  Mountain  region  at  Helena,  the  western  slope  at 
Missoula  and  Flathead  Lake. 
Nov.  1,  1905.  M.  J.  E. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  XI 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Key  for  the  Determination  of  Butterflies  13 

Papilionina    13 

Papilionidae    13 

Parnassiinae    13 

Papilioninae    19 

Pieridae   ; 20 

Pierinae   20 

Nymphalidae    44 

Euploeinae    44 

Nymphalinae    50 

Agapetinae   105 

Lycaenidae    124 

Hesperiina    142 

Hesperiidae 142 

Hesperiinae    143 

Pamphilinae   3  50 

Bibliography    150 

Glossary  163 

SUPPEMENTARY  ARTICLES. 

The  Butterfly,  Alice  Freeman  Palmer  1 

Montana    6 

Collecting  and  Preserving  Specimens   7 

Collecting  Butterflies  at  High  Altitudes,  M.  J.  Elrod 37 

Butterflies  and  Fairies,  Nellie  A.  Whitney 36 

Collecting  Butterflies  at  High  Altitudes  in  the  Andes,  Whymper 43 

The  Seasonal  Migration  of  Anosia  plexippus,  Maurice  Ricker 47 

Butterflies  at  Miles  City,  Montana,  C.  A.  Wiley  66 

A  Chrysalis,  poem,  Mary  Emily  Bradley 83 

Eugonia  j-album  in  Western  Montana,  Morton  J.  Elrod 93 

Mountain  Swarming  of  Vanessa  Californica,  Hopkins   94 

Stridulation  in  Euvanessa  antiopa,  A.  H.  Swinton 97 

Butterflies  on  Chimborazo,  Humboldt  104 

Collecting  Butterflies  in  Montana,  Morton  J.  Elrod  108 

List  of  Butterflies  taken  by  H.  R.  Morrison  in  Dakota  and  Montana, 

1881 118 

Exchanges,    Holland    123 

Butterfly  Fancies,  Albertine  Ward 140 

List  of  Species  of  Butterflies  collected  by  Campbell  Carrington  and 

William  B.  Logan,  of  the  Expedition,  in  1871,  by  W.  H.  Edwards  159 


bUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  XIII 


List  of  Plates. 


Plate  I.  Colored,  frontispiece,  showing  Oeneas  chryxus,  Lemonias  chal- 
cedon,  Phyciodes  mylitta,  Chalceria  rubidus,  Cercyonis  sylvestris, 
and  Thecla  acadica. 

Plate  II.  Map  of  Montana,  showing  places  where  collections  have  been 
made. 

Plate  III.  MacDougal  Peak  in  the  Swan  Range,  a  place  where  alpine 
forms  of  life  have  been  taken. 

Plate  IV.  The  Clouded  Sulphurs,  genus  Burymus,  showing  different  vari- 
eties. 

Plate  V.     Genus  Melitaea,  showing  different  species. 

Plate  VI.     Genus  Basilarchia,  the  Admirals. 

Plate  VII.     Among  the  Butterflies  at  the  University  of  Montana. 

Plate  VIII.     Daphnia  Pond,  near  the  Biological  Station. 

Plate  IX.     Upper  end  of  Flathead  Lake. 

Plate  X.     Oeneas  chryxus. 

Plate  XI.     The  Blues,  showing  different  species. 

Plate  XII.     Pholisora  catullus  and  Thanaos  persius. 

Plate  XIII.     Flowers  on  MacDougal  Peak  at  G  SCO  feet  elevation. 


XIV  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


List  of  Figures. 


Fig.     1.  A  butterfly  net. 

Fig.     2.  Paper  for  cyanide  bottle. 

Fig.     3.  Cyanide  bottle. 

Fig.    4.  Paper  folded  for  insects. 

Fig.     5.  Setting  board. 

Fig.     6.  Pinning  forceps. 

Fig.     7.  Venation  of  Papilionidae. 

Fig.     8.  *  enation  of  Hesperiidae. 

Fig.     9.  Venation  of  Lycaenidae. 

Fig.  10.  Venation  of  Pieridae. 

Fig.  11.  Venation  of  Nymphalidae,  Argynnis  leto. 

Fig.  12.  Venation  of  Parnassius. 

Fig.  13.  Panassius  smintheus,  var.  hermodour.  male. 

Fig.  14.  Parnassius  smintheus,  var.  hermodour,  female. 

Fig.  15.  Parnassius  clodius. 

Fig.  16.  Venation  of  Papilio. 

Fig.  17.  Papilio  daunus. 

Fig.  18.  Papilio  rutulus. 

Fig.  19.  Papilio  eurymedon. 

Fig.  20.  Papilio  brucei. 

Fig.  21.  Papilio  zolicaon. 

Fig.  22.  Venation  of  Neophasia  menapia. 

Fig.  24.  Neophasia  menapia. 

Fig.  24.  Venation  of  Pontia. 

Feb.  25.  Pontia  protodice. 

Feb.  26.  Pontia  rapae. 

Fig.  27.  Pontia  napi. 

Fig.  28.  Pontia  sisymbri. 

Fig.  29.  Venation  of  Synchloe. 

Fig.  30.  Synchloe  ausonides. 

Fig.  31.  Synchloe  sara. 

Fig.  31.  Synchloe  olympia 

Fig.  33.  Venation  of  Eurymus. 

Fig.  34.  Eurymus  philodice. 

Fig.  35.  Eurymus  eurytheme,  albino. 

Fig.  36.  Eurymus  alexandra. 

Fig.  37.  Eurymus  meadii. 

Fig.  38.  Venation  of  Nymphalidae. 

Fig.  39.  Anosia  plexippus. 

Fig.  40.  Euptoieta  claudia. 

Fig.  41.  Speyeria  idalia. 

Fig.  42.  Argynnis  cybele. 


BUTTERFLIES  07  MONTANA.  XV 

Fig.  43.     Venation  of  Argynnis  leto. 

Fig.  44.  Argynnis  leto,  male. 

Fig.  45.  Argynnis  leto,  female. 

FJg.  4G.  Argynnis  aphrodite,  var.  alcest  s,  up^cr  surface. 

Fig.  47.  Argynnis  aphrodite,  var.  alcestis,  lower  surface. 

Fig.  48.  Argynnis  edwardsii. 

Fig.  49.  Argynnis  nevadensis,  upper  surface. 

Fig.  50.  Argynnis  nevadensis,  lower  surface. 

Fig.  51.  Argynnis  hesperis. 

Fig.  52.  Argynnis  bremneri. 

Fig.  53.  Argynnis  atlantis. 

Fig.  54.  Argynnis  eurynome. 

Fig.  55.  Brenthis  myrina,  lower  surface. 

Fig.  56.  Brenthis  myrina,  upper  surface. 

Fig.  57.  Brenthis  bellona. 

Fig.  58.  Brenthis  helena. 

Fig.  59.  Lemonias  taylori. 

Fig.  60.  Lemonias  nubigena. 

Fig.  61.  Lemonias  whitneyi,  upper  surface. 

Fig.  62.  Lemonias  whitneyi,  lower  surface. 

Fig.  63.  Venation  of  Phyciodes. 

Fig.  64.  Phyciodes  tharos. 

Fig.  65.  Phyciodes  carlota. 

Fig.  66.  Phyciodes  pratensis. 

Fig.  67.  Venation  of  Polygonia. 

Fig.  68.  Polygonia  faunus. 

Fig.  69.  Polygonia  taunus,  satyrus  and  zephyrus. 

Fig.  70.  Polygonia  zephyrus. 

Fig.  71.  Venation  of  Eugonia  j-album. 

Fig.  72.  Eugonia  j-album. 

Fig.  73.  Eugonia  californica. 

Fig.  74.  xjuvanessa  antiopa,  emerging  from  pupa. 

Fig.  75.  Euvanessa  antiopa. 

Fig.  76.  Aglais  milberti. 

Fig.  77.  Venation  of  Vanessa. 

Fig.  78.  Vanessa  atalanta. 

Fig.  79.  Vanessa  cardui. 

Fig.  80.  Vanessa  caryae. 

Fig.  80a.  Vanessa  huntera. 

Fig.  81.  Basilarchia  archippus. 

Fig.  82.  Venation  of  Cercyonis. 

Fig.  83.  Cercyonis  olympus,  upper  surface. 

Fig.  84.  Cercyonis  sylvestris,  var.  charon. 

Fig.  85.  Where  Leto  abounds. 

Fig.  86.  Venation  of  Erebia  epipsodea. 

Fig.  87.  Erebia  epipsodea    upper  surface. 

Fig.  88.  Erebia  epipsodea,  lower  surface. 

Fig.  89.  Venetian  of  Coenonympha. 

Fig.  90.  Coenonympha  ochracea,  upper  surface. 


XVI  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Fig.  91.     coenonympna  ochracea,  lower  surface 

Fig.  92.     Cocnonympha  haydeni. 

Fig.  92a.  Oeneas  uhleri. 

Fig.  92b.  Neominois  ridingsii. 

Fig.  93.     Venation  of  Lycaena  melissa. 

Fig.  94.     Uranotes  meiinus,  Incisalia  eryphon,  Thecla  saepium. 

Fig.  95.    Butterflies  on  the  bank  of  Sinyaleamin  lake. 

Fig.  96.    Venation  01  thecla. 

Fig.  97.     Inciscalia  irus. 

Fig.  98.     Gaeides  editha. 

Fig.  99.     Venation  of  Epidemia. 

Fig.  100.     Epidemia  helloides. 

Fig.  101.     Chaleeria  snowi. 

Fig.  102.    Venation  of  Hesperiidae. 

Fib.  102a.  Cyaniris  ladon. 

Fig.  102b.  Everes  amyntula  and  Agriades  rustica. 

Fig.  103.     Epargyreus  tityrus. 

Fig.  103b.  Cocceius  pylades. 

Fig.  104.     Venation  of  ~celothrix. 

Fig.  105.     Scelothrix  centaurea. 

Fig.  106.     Scelothrix  scriptura. 

Fig.  106a.  Pyrgus  montivaga. 

Fig.  107.     Pholisora  catullus,  slightly  enlarged. 

Fig.  108.     Thanaos  persius. 

Fig.  109.     Thanaos  persius. 

Fig.  110.     Thanaos  afranius. 

Fig.  111.     Pamphila  palaemon. 

Fig.  Ilia.  Oarisma  powesheik. 

Fig.  112.     Venation  of  Erynnis. 

Fig.  113.     Erynnis  uncas. 

Fig.  114.     Erynnis  uncas. 

Fig.  116.     Ochloedes  sassacus,  upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  male. 

Fig.  117.     (Sid  cabin  at  Swan  lake. 


The  Butterfly. 


I  hold  you  at  last  in  my  hand, 

Exquisite  child  of  the  air; 
Can  I  ever  understand 

How  you  grew  to  be  so  fair? 

You  came  to  this  linden  tree 

To  taste  its  delicious  sweet, 
I  sitting  here  in  the  shadow  and  shine 

Playing  around  its  feet. 

Now  I  hold  you  fast  in  my  hand, 

You  marvelous  butterfly 
Till  you  help  me  to  understand 

The  eternal  mystery. 

From  that  cr3eping  thing  in  the  dust 

To  this  shining  bliss  in  the  blue! 
God,  give  me  courage  to  trust 

I  can  break  my  chrysalis  too! 

— Alice  Freeman  Palmer. 


Introduction. 


The  present  bulletin  is  the  result  of  eight  years  of  collecting  and 
tabulating  material.  My  first  butterflies  captured  in  the  state  were  taken 
at  Miles  City  in  the  east  and  Mount  Lo  Lo  in  the  west  during  a  recreation 
trip  in  August,  1892.  In  1897  I  came  to  the  state  to  live.  Every  summer 
since  then  to  the  present  time  has  been  spent  in  the  field,  and  the  ac- 
cumulated insects  have  been  arranged  at  the  University  of  Montana, 
where  they  have  been  worked  over  at  leisure  moments. 

In  the  fall  of  1900  Miss  Frances  Inez  Maley  was  given  the  task  of 
spreading,  arranging  and  labeling  the  material,  identifying  it  so  far  as 
possible  with  the  specimens  and  literature  at  command.  A  large  portion 
of  her  time  for  that  school  year  was  devoted  to  the  work.  The  collection 
of  more  than  a  thousand  specimens  was  spread  and  arranged  in  Corn- 
stock  cases.  A  large  number  of  the  photographs  were  taken  at  that  time, 
others  later.  Many  of  the  keys  and  descriptions  were  prepared  by  her, 
and  the  results  of  her  careful  and  painstaking  labor  were  submitted  to  the 
faculty  as  her  graduating  thesis  for  the  degree  B.  A.  in  June,  1901. 

As  it  was  impossible  then  to  correct  and  verify  as  must  necessarily 
be  done  before  printing,  it  was  decided  to  test  the  keys  and  make  further 
addition  to  the  list  by  including  references  to  all  the  collections  avail- 
able in  the  state.  For  several  summers  the  keys  have  been  in  the  hands 
of  many  persons  both  at  the  University  in  regular  work  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Montana  Biological  Station  at  Flathead  lake.  In  this  way  many 
errors  have  been  avoided,  and  the  keys  have  been  found  to  be  serviceable 
in  the  hands  of  beginners.  Moreover,  by  the  examniation  of  other  collec- 
tions many  additions  were  made,  necessitating  changes  in  the  keys  and 
in  the  text.  Many  of  the  discriptions  were  rewritten. 

To  avoid  confusion  it  was  decided  to  follow  the  nomenclature  used 
by  Dyar  and  others  in  Bulletin  52,  United  States  National  Museum.  In 
this  bulletin  many  species  recorded  in  other  publications  are  reduced  to 
synonyms  or  varieties  of  other  species.  After  examining  so  many  hun- 
dreds of  specimens  from  various  parts  of  the  state,  at  different  altitudes, 
I  feel  convinced  that  the  list  can  be  reduced  still  further  without  detri- 
ment, and  without  sacrificing.  To  cite  a  single  illustration.  The  Wiley 
collection  has  specimens  of  Argynnis  from  Miles  City,  collected  in  1893, 
and  identified  by  Edwards  as  A.  edwardsi.  Specimens  from  Miles  City 
sent  by  myself  to  Edwards  in  1892  were  labeled  A.  nevadensis.  When 
placed  side  by  side  they  look  exactly  alike,  and  are  undoubtedly  of  the 
same  species. 

Owing  to  the  varying  conditions  as  to  heat  and  cold,  moisture  and 
sunshine,  which  prevail  in  the  state,  many  species  are  subject  to  great 
variation.  This  makes  identification  oftentimes  difficult,  and  we  have 


4  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

often  been  greatly  puzzled.  As  a  result  of  these  great  variations,  com- 
bined with  the  mistakes  one  is  likely  to  make  in  undertaking  a  task  like 
this  so  far  from  library  centers  and  large  collections,  we  feel  that  we 
have  certainly  made  many  errors,  of  which  we  are  now  not  aware.  We 
have  at  least  brought  together  the  material  in  the  state  and  have  brought 
it  into  some  kind  of  order  for  students  of  butterflies  later  to  make  more 
perfect.  The  task  has  been  all  the  more  difficult  because  the  state  con- 
tains specimens  from  the  Great  Plains  region,  from  the  Pacific  coast 
region,  and  from  the  Boreal  fauna  in  the  north. 

The  collections  examined  and  recorded  in  this  bulletin  are  the  follow- 
ing: (1)  The  collection  made  by  the  writer,  almost  entirely  in  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Montana,  made  during  the  past  eight  seasons 
of  collecting.  These  have  been  taken  mostly  in  the  western  end  of  the 
state.  The  numbers  of  specimens  in  the  collection  has  not  been  deter- 
mined, but  there  are  many  thousand.  (2)  George  E.  Barnes,  a  graduate 
of  the  University,  made  a  collection  of  several  hundred  in  the  vicinity  of 
Aldridge,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  near  the  Park.  These  were 
generously  donated  by  him  to  the  University.  (3)  E.  N.  Brandegee,  of 
Helena,  made  a  collection  of  several  hundred  specimens  in  the  vicinity  of 
Helena  in  1902.  These  he  very  kindly  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  writer 
for  examination  and  study.  (4)  The  late  C.  A.  Wiley,  of  Miles  City,  made 
an  extensive  collection  of  Lepidoptera  in  eastern  Montana  during  his  sev- 
eral years  of  residence  in  Montana.  This  collection  came  to  the  Uni- 
versity entire,  and  has  been  gone  over  carefully.  (5)  The  collection  at 
the  Montana  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  at  Bozeman,  the 
work  of  Professor  R.  A.  Cooley,  was  very  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal  by 
Prof.  Cooley.  This  contains  a  good  series  of  insects,  excellently  mounted, 
and  in  some  cases  from  high  altitudes.  Eugene  Coubeaux,  of  Big  Sandy, 
made  a  collection  during  the  summers  of  1904  and  1J./05,  and  very  kindly 
loaned  specimens  for  examination.  He  also  furtnisaed  notes  regarding 
the  abundance  of  each  species.  These  five  collections  practically 
represent  the  butterfly  collections  in  the  state.  They  contain  specimens 
from  the  extreme  east  and  west,  and  from  the  south.  The  great  section 
of  country  tributary  to  the  Missouri  river  in  the  northeast  is  not  repre- 
sented, nor  is  the  extreme  north  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Other  authors 
have  been  referred  to  and  quoted  freely. 

The  illustrations  are  almost  entirely  original.  The  colored  plate  is 
the  result  of  the  work  of  Mrs.  Edith  Ricker,  of  Burlington,  Iowa,  who  has 
spent  three  summers  at  the  Station  at  Flathead.  Colored  drawings  were 
made  from  specimens  and  the  colored  drawings  were  made  into  the 
printed  plate  by  the  three  color  process.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the 
expense  precluded  more  generous  use  of  colored  plates,  instead  of  the 
half  tones.  Many  of  the  drawings  were  also  made  by  Mrs.  Ricker  and  her 
brother,  Lisle  W.  Brown,  now  in  connection  with  the  Eastman  Kodak 
Company,  including  all  of  the  figures  of  wing  venation,  except  a  few  made 
by  Claude  Spaulding,  laboratory  assistant  at  the  University.  The  photo- 
graphs of  butterflies  were  made  by  Miss  Maley,  Mr.  Spaulding  and  the 
writer.  Other  photographs  used  have  appropriate  credit  given  with  each. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  5 

Without  the  generous  aid  of  these  friends,  who  gave  their  work  cheerfully 
and  gratuitously,  these  original  illustrations  would  be  lacking. 

We  are  deeply  indebted  to  President  Craig,  of  the  University,  for  the 
cordial  support  he  has  given  us  in  our  efforts  to  popularize  this  subject 
and  make  the  study  available  to  the  younger  generation  of  the  state.  His 
liberal  policy  has  enabled  us  to  use  copious  illustrations,  and  any  plan 
for  better  results  or  for  increased  usefulness  of  publications  has  always 
met  with  his  hearty  favor.  • 

The  pleasure  we  have  found  in  the  preparation  of  the  material  for 
publication  has  been  ample  compensation  for  the  labor.  We  can  wish  for 
those  who  peruse  it  or  read  it  no  more  enjoyment  in  its  use  than  has  been 
ours  in  gathering  the  specimens  and  bringing  them  together.  Every 
specimen  which  we  have  gathered  recalls  some  scene,  whether  it  be  the 
jagged  sky  line  of  the  back  bone  of  the  continent  as  viewed  from  the 
Swan  range  when  we  were  sweeping  in  a  few  Phyciodes,  a  battered 
Eurymus  alexandra,  or  the  various  species  of  Argynnids,  or  the  quiet  and 
peaceful  woods  adjacent  to  the  laboratory  at  Flathead  lake.  Again,  as 
we  pick  up  Satyrus  olympus  or  Brenthis  myrina  we  are  reminded  of  the 
dusky  faces  on  the  Flathead  reservation  and  the  beautiful  Mission  valley, 
flanked  by  the  majestic  Mission  mountains.  Vanessa  californica  brings 
to  us  in  winter  the  first  breath  of  spring,  as  it  is  our  earliest  specimen, 
coming  at  Missoula  in  1903,  February  19.  Vanessa  J.  album  carries  us 
to  Swan  lake,  where  the  manical  call  of  the  loon  is  answered  by  the  blood 
curdling  shrief  of  the  puma,  while  the  water  lap-laps  the  bottom  of  our 
boat  as  we  head  for  the  campfire  on  shore. 

Beautiful,  dainty,  golden  laced  Lycana  melissa  carries  us  to  Sin- 
yaleamin  lake,  cradled  in  the  mountains,  where  we  spent  such  happy  and 
care  free  days.  Oeneas  chryxus  takes  our  memory  to  Mount  Woody, 
south  of  Missoula,  which  we  have  ascended  a  dozen  times  for  butterflies. 
Whichever  way  we  turn,  whatever  insect  we  pick  up,  our  memory  brings 
to  us  days  of  happiness  and  pleasure.  M.  J.  ELROD, 

University  of  Montana. 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Montana. 


Montana  lies  between  the  parallels  of  49  degrees  and  44  degrees  15 
minutes  north  latitude,  and  extends  from  104  degrees  to  116  degrees  west 
longitude.  The  form  of  the  state  is  nearly  a  parallelogram,  being  about 
540  miles  in  length  with  an  average  width  of  275  miles. 

The  surface  of  the  state  is  generally  mountainous.  The  main  range 
of  the  Rocky  mountains,  with  numerous  spurs,  traverses  the  western  part 
in  a  direction  northwest  to  southeast;  between  these  are  many  beautiful 
and  extensive  valleys,  which  cover  nearly  three-fourths  of  its  area.  The 
northeastern  fourth  is  a  high,  rolling  prairie  country,  covered  with  nu- 
tritious grasses.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  country  between  the  Mis- 
souri and  Yellowstone  rivers  is  occupied  by  the  Mauvaises  Terres. 

The  average  elevation  of  the  surface  is  about  4,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  The  elevation  of  the  eastern  third  of  the  state  is  less 
than  3,000  feet,  while  that  of  the  mountains  and  foothills  in  the  western 
part  of  the  state  is  from  4,000  to  10,000  feet.  The  highest  peak  is  above 
12,000  feet.  The  surface  rises  westward  at  the  rate  of  about  eight  feet 
per  mile. 

This  state  has  extremes  of  climate.  Many  sections  of  the  state  ex- 
perience severe  northern  blizzards,  others  have  delightful  summers,  still 
others  hot  deserts.  Lovely  lakes  lie  in  the  north,  dry  treeless  plains  In 
the  east,  almost  devoid  of  vegetation.  The  western  slopes  with  their 
copious  rainfall  afford  a  climate  moist  and  warm.  To  the  south  are 
mountains  capped  with  snow.  Between  these  are  many  grand  canyons. 


Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont.  Biol.  Series  No.  10. 


Plate  II. 


Map  of  Montana,  showing  geographical  areas,  and  localities  where  col- 
lections have  been  made. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


Collecting  and  Preserving  Specimens. 


In  collecting  butterflies  a  net  is  necessary,  and  some  means  of  killing 
them  after  capture. 

The  simplest  form  of  the  net,  which  can  be  made  almost  anywhere,  is 
constructed  as  follows:  A  rod  of  some  light  stiff  material  is  used  as  the 
handle,  not  more  than  five  feet  in  length.  Attached  to  this  at  its  upper 

end  is  a  loop  or  ring  made  of 
metal  or  some  moderately  stiff 
yet  flexible  material.  Upon 
this  then  should  be  sewed  a 
bag  of  fine  netting,  preferably 
tarlatan,  almost  thirty  inches 
deep;  the  ring  should  be  not 
less  than  a  foot  in  diameter. 

Several  forms  of  folding  nets 
are  on  the  market  by  dealers 
in  entomological  supplies. 
These  nets  are  detachable 
from  the  handle,  and  will  fold 
in  two  or  more  pieces.  They 
may  thus  be  tucked  in  a 
pocket  or  packed  in  with  bag- 
gage without  injury,  to  be 
drawn  out  and  speedily  ad- 
justed when  necessary. 
Handles  may  also  be  pur- 
chased which  fit  together  in 
sections,  and  are  likewise 
easily  transported  and  quickly 
adjusted.  See  Fig.  1. 

Fig.  i.    A  butterfly  net.  Nets  may  be  purchased  with 

silk  bags  if  desired.  A  silk  bag  has  many  advantages.  It  dries  readily 
when  wet,  requiring  but  a  few  swishes  through  the  air.  It  may  be  swept 
through  the  air  with  much  greater  speed  than  any  other  net.  It  does  not 
snag  readily,  and  has  a  much  longer  life. 

The  specimens  collected  are  killed  in  some  way  that  shall  not  muti- 
late them.  A  very  convenient  way  is  by  means  of  the  cyanide  bottle, 
which  is  prepared  in  the  following  manner:  Take  a  wide  mouthed  bottle 
holding  four  or  six  ounces.  Put  in  the  bottle  a  piece  of  cyanide  of 
potassium  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  square  or  a  table  spoonful  of 


s 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


the  pulverized,  and  water  enough  to  cover  the  cyanide  and  then,  imme- 
diately before  there  is  time  for  the  cyanide  to  dissolve, 
put  enough  plaster  of  Paris  in  the  bottle  to  soak  up 
the  water.  Cut  a  paper  as  in  Fig.  2  to  cover  the 
plaster.  The  bottle  should  then  be  left  open  in  a 
shady  place  for  an  hour  to  dry  and  then  securely 
corked  and  labeled  "Poison."  See  Fig.  3. 
Specimens  placed  in  the  bottle  to  be  killed  should 

be  left  ther6  f°f  &t  leESt  a  h&lf  hOUr>   but  theV   may  b6 

left  in  over  night  without  injury. 

Another  method  of  killing  the  insect  is  to  enclose  a  piece  of  cotton, 
upon  which  a  few  drops  of  chloroform,  sulphuric  ether  or  benzene  has 
been  put,  with  the  insect  to  be  killed,  in  a  small  bottle  or  small  box. 

Still  another  method  of  killing  is  to  entangle  the  insect  in  the  meshes 
of  the  (silk)  net,  with  wings  over  the  back,  and  give  a  quick  but  hard 
squeeze  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax.  This  may  do  some  injury  to  the  insect 
by  rubbing  off  some  scales,  but  in  the  absence  of  a  killing  bottle  it  may 
be  necessary  to  kill  a  specimen  or  lose  it. 

Much  of  the  success  of  the  collector  will  depend  upon  his  skill  in  the 
use  of  his  net.  No  description  of  the  method 
is  worth  anything  besides  a  very  little  ex- 
perience, and  one  soon  learns  to  capture  with 
dextrous  turn  of  the  hand,  "practice  makes 
perfect."  It  is  possible  to  sweep  into  the  net 
an  insect  which  is  fluttering  through  the  air 
and  by  a  turn  of  the  hand  to  close  the  bag. 
One  manner  which  is  preferred  by  many  is 
to  clap  the  net  over  the  butterfly  and  allow 
it  to  rise,  and  then  insert  the  bottle  in  the 
net  and  without  touching  it  allow  it  to  drop 
into  the  bottle.  If  possible  the  fingers  should 
never  be  allowed  to  come  in  contact  with 
the  wings. 

Papering  Specimens — When  time  and  place 
do  not  suffice  for  the  proper  preparation  of 
the  butterflies,  they  may  be  placed  in  en- 
velopes, until  such  a  time  as  one  is  able  to 
relax  and  properly  mount  them.  The  small 
dry  envelopes  are  very  good  for  this.  The 
insect  while  in  the  net  usually  has  its  wings 
folded  back.  It  may  also  be  dropped  into 
a  triangular  envelope  made  by  folding  a  Fig.  3.  Cyanide  bottle, 

piece  of  paper  as  shown  in  Fig.  4,  and  a  memorandum  of  the  locality  and 
date  of  capture  is  written  on  the  envelope.  They  may  then  be  packed 
in  a  shallow  box,  a  cigar  box  being  preferable. 

When  it  is  desired  to  pin  and  spread  specimens  that  have  been  stored 
away  they  are  relaxed.  To  do  this  take  several  large  sheets  of  blotting 
paper,  wet  with  water,  place  the  papered  butterflies  on  the  sheets,  then 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  9 

wet  two  more  sheets  and  place  over  these.  Do  this  as  often  as  there  are 
insects  to  be  covered.  Let  them  remain  here  two  or  three  days,  at  the 
end  of  which  time  they  can  be  spread  as  easily  as  when  fresh.  Care  must 
be  taken  not  to  leave  the  specimens  here  too  long  lest  they  became 
mouldy. 

In  spreading  insects,  the  insect  should  first  of  all  be  pinned,  the  pin  be- 
ing thrust  perpendicularly  through  the  thorax,  leaving  about  one-fourth  of 

the  pin  to  view.  It  should  then 
be  placed  upon  the  setting-board. 
Setting-boards  are  two  pieces  of 
board  slanted  toward  the  inside. 
Many  collectors  prefer  straight 
boards,  with  a  piece  of  cork  be- 
neath, and  a  groove  on  the  upper 
surface  of  sufficient  depth  to 
accommodate  the  body  of  the 
insect  and  to  permit  the  wings 
to  be  brought  to  a  level  of  the 
Fig.  4.  Folded  paper  for  insects.  upper  surface  of  the  board. 

When  the  insect  has  been  pinned  upon  the  board  the  next  step  is  to  set 
the  wings  in  the  position  which  they  are  to  maintain  when  the  specimen 
is  thoroughly  dry. 

In  bringing  the  wings  into  position,  care  should  be  taken  to  put  the 
pin  behind  the  strong  nervure,  on  the  costal  margin  of  the  wing;  other- 
wise the  wings  are  liable  to  be  torn  and  disfigured.  The  rule  is  to  draw 
the  anterior  wing  forward  in  such  a  manner  that  the  posterior  margin  of 
this  wing  is  at  right  angle  to  the  axis  of  the  body,  the  axis  being  a  line 
drawn  through  the  head  to  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen.  The  hind  wing 
should  then  be  moved  forward,  its  anterior  margin  lying  under  the  pos- 
terior margin  of  the  fore  wing.  When  thus  arranged  slips  of  paper 
should  be  drawn  over  them  and  securely  pinned  to  keep  them  in  position, 
and  the  pins  removed  from  the  wings.  Never  pin  through  the  wing.  Next 
the  antennae  should  be  adjusted  ,and  placed  parallel  with  the  wings,  and 
fine  pins  placed  about  them  to  hold  them  in  position.  Then  if  the  body 
has  a  tendency  to  droop  it  should  be  raised  by  placing  pins  under  it  on 
either  side.  See  Fig.  5. 

When  insects  have  been  spread  the  board  should  be  placed  where 
they  will  be  unmolested  and  free  from  dust.  They  should  be  left  here  for 
about  a  week,  longer  if  the  insect  is  very  large,  at  the  end  of  which  time 
they  may  be  taken  off  and  put  in  the  cabinet. 

Labelling — Each  specimen  should  have  on  the  pin  below  the  specimen 
a  small  label,  giving  the  date  of  capture,  if  known,  and  the  locality.  Labels 
should  be  printed,  or  written  in  a  fine  hand,  and  preferably  with  India 
ink. 


10 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Fig.  5.     Settling  board, 


wing  method  of  pii 
for  the  collection. 


ing  and  spreading  insects 


Pins — The  insect  pins  are  made  longer  and  thinner  than  ordinary  pins. 

Pins,  pinning  forceps,  Fig.  6,  printed  labels,  insect  boxes  and  cabinets, 
sheet  cork  or  peat,  or  other  entomological  suppiles  may  be  had  of  dealers 
in  this  material.  A  jappanned  steel  pin  is  now  on  the  market  which  is 
much  superior  to  any  pins  heretofore  made  in  that  smaller  pins  may  be 
used  and  still  have  greater  stiffness  and  strength.  For  cabinets  such 
pins  are  much  more  desirable,  but  at  the  same  time  are  more  expensive 
than  ordinary  pins. 


Fig.  6.     Pinning  forceps,  for  pressing  pi 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  11 


Venation  of  the  Wings. 


The  thickened  lines  in  the  wings  are  termed  the  veins  or  nerves;  and 
their  arrangement  is  described  as  the  venation  or  neuration  of  the  wings. 
The  thin  spaces  of  the  wings  which  are  bounded  by  the  veins  are  called 
cells.  When  a  cell  is  not  completely  surrounded  by  veins  it  is  said  to  be 
open. 

The  wings  of  different  insects  vary  greatly  in  structure,  but  they  are 
all  more  are  less  triangular  in  outline;  they  therefore  have  three 
margins;  the  costal  margin  or  costa  (a  b) ;  the  outer  margin  b,  c,  and 
the  inner  margin  c.  a.  The  angle  at  the  base  of  the  costal  margin  and  the 
outer  margin  is  the  apex  of  the  wing;  and  the  angle  between  the  outer 
margin  and  the  inner  margin  is  the  anal  angle. 

The  principal  veins  of  the  wings  are,  beginning  with  the  one  lying 
on  the  costal  margin,  the  costa,  the  subcosta,  the  radius,  the  media,  the 
cubitus,  and  the  anal  veins.  The  radius  media,  and  cubitus  are  usually 
branched  and  there  may  be  several  anal  veins. 

In  some  insects  there  are  the  premedia  a  vein-  lying  between  the 
media  and  radia;  and  a  postmedia  lying  between  the  media  and  the 
cubitus. 

I     Costa  V     Media  VIII) 

II    Subcosta  VI     Postmedia  IX) 

III  Radius  VII     Cubitus  X)     Anal 

IV  Premedia  et  al) 

By  referring  to  Figs.  7-12  these  veins  may  easily  be  studied.  As  many 
of  the  generic  distinctions  are  based  on  the  venation  it  is  essential  that 
the  student  become  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  locations  and  numbering 
of  veins  of  wings. 


12 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OP  MONTANA. 

V 


Fig.    8.     Venation     of    wings, 
Hesperilna 


Fig.  9.  Venation  of  wings, 
Lycaenidae. 


Fig.  7.  Venation  of  wings,  Papilionidae. 


Fig.  10.  Venation  of  wings, 
Pieridae. 


Fig.  12.  Venation  of  Parnas- 
sius. 


Fig.  ii  Venation  of  wings, 
Nymphahdae,  Argynnis  leto. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  13 


Key  for  Determation  of  Butterflies. 


1.  Antennae  thread-like  with  a  knob  at  the  extremity. — 2. 

2.  With  the  radius  of  the  fore-wings  five-branched,  Fig.  8,  and  with  all 

the  branches  arising  from  the  discal  cell;  club  of  antennae  usually 
terminated  by  a  recurved  hook.  The  Skippers.  Hesperiina,  page  142 

3.  With  some  of  the  branches  of  the  radius  of  the  fore-wwings  coalesced 

beyond  the  apex  of  the  discal  cell,  Fig.  7;     club  of  antennae  not 
terminated  by  a  recurved  hook.    Butterflies.        Papilionina,  pagelS 
SUPERFAMILY    PAPILIONINA. 
Key  to  Families. 

1.  Cubitus  of  the  fore-wings  apparently  four-branched,  Fig.  7. 

Papilionidae.      P.  13 
Cubitus  of  the  fore-wings  apparently  three-branched,  Fig.  11. — 2. 

2.  With  six  well  developed  legs,  although  in  some  species  the  fore  legs 

of  the  male  are  a  little  shorter,  and  the  tarsi  of  these  lack  one  or 
both  claws;  radius  of  the  fore  wings,  with  rare  exceptions,  only 
three  or  four-branched.  To  determine  the  number  of  branches  of 
radius,  count  the  two  cubital  and  the  three  medial  branches  first; 
the  branches  left  between  veins  V  and  II  belong  to  the  radius. — 3. 
With  only  four  well  developed  legs,  the  fore  legs  being  unused,  much 
shorter  than  the  others,  and  folded  on  the  breast  like  a  tippet  (ex- 
cept in  the  female  of  Hypatus) .  Radius  of  fore  wings  five-branched, 
Fig.  11.  Nymphalidae.  P.  44 

3.  Vein  V  of  the  fore-wings  arising  at  or  near  the  apex  of  the  discal  cell, 

Fig.  9,  except  in  Feniseca  tarquinius,  in  which  the  wings  are  dark 
brown,  with  a  large  fulvous  spot  on  each.  Lycaenidae.  P.  124r 
The  first  branch  of  media  of  the  fore  wings  united  with  the  last 
branch  of  the  radius  for  a  considerable  distance  beyond  the  apex 
of  the  discal  cell.  Fig.  10.  Ground  color  of  the  wings  white,  yellow 
or  orange.  Pieridae.  P.  26 

FAMILY   PAPILONIDAE. 
Key  to  the  Subfamilies. 

Hind  wings  with  a  tail  like  prolongation;  ground  color  of  wings  black; 
radius  of  fore  wings  five-branched;  the  base  of  vein  VIII  of  fore 
wings  preserved  as  a  spur  like  branch  of  vein  VII,  Fig.  7. 

Papilioninae.     P.  1& 

Hind  wings  without  tail  like  prolongation;  ground  color  of  wings  white; 
radius  of  fore  wings  four-branched;  vein  VIII  of  fore  wings  want- 
ing, Fig.  12.  Parnassiinae.  P.  13 

SUB-FAMILY   PARNASSIINAE. 

The  Parnassiinae  differ  from  the  Papilioninae  in  lacking  the  tail-like 
prolongation  of  the  hind  wings  and  in  that  the  ground  color  of  the  wings 


14 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


is  white,  but  resemble  them  in  possessing  similar  scent  organs  in  the 
larval  state.     They  are  found  only  on  high  mountains  or  far  north. 

Key  to  Genera. 

Medium  size,  diaphanous  wings,  white  or  yellow  in  color,  marked  with 
black  spots  and  round  pink  or  yellow  spots  margined  with  black. 

Parnassius. 

Genus  PARNASSIUS,  Latrielle. 

Butterfly — Medium  size,  with  diaphanous  wings,  generally  white  or 
yellow  in  color  marked  with  black  spots,  and  round  pink  or  yellow  spots. 
The  head  is  relatively  small,  thickly  clothed  with  hairs.  The  antennae 
are  short  and  straight.  The  wings  have  a  rounded  apex.  The  upper 
radial  is  lacking. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  turban-shaped.  The  caterpillars  have  very 
small  heads.  They  are  flattened  and  dark  brown  or  black  in  color  with 
light  spots. 

Key  to  Species. 

Males  with  very  light  wings,  black  reduced  to  a  row  of  marginal  and  sub- 
marginal  lunules,  the  latter  often  lacking.  Females  with  the  whole 
upper  surface  of  primarus  smoky  black.  Antennae  with  black  and 
white  rings,  black  knobs.  smintheus. 

Males  with  darker  wings,  a  sub-marginal  row  of  white  lunules.  Females 
much  like  males  ,but  darker.  Antennae  black  .  clodius 


THE  PARNASSIUS  BUTTERFLY. 

Parnassius  Smintheus,   Dbl.  and   Hew.,  var   Hermodour. 
Fig.  14,  Female. 


Fig.   13,   Male; 


Fig.  13,  Parnassius  smintheus,  var.  hermodour,  male. 

Butterfly — This  beautiful  insect  is  subject  to  great  variations.  The 
expanse  of  the  wings  of  the  female  is  2.25-3.00  in.,  male  2.00-2.50  in. 
The  white  ground  is  marked  with  smoky  black  to  a  greater  or  less  ex- 
tent. On  the  wings  are  yellow  or  pink  spots,  varying  in  size,  margined 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


15 


with  black.  There  is  a  marked  difference  between  the  females  and  males, 
the  latter  being  much  whiter  with  the  smoky  black  confined  to  the  outer 
border  of  the  wings  and  the  inner  edge  of  the  hind  wings.  There  is  a 
black  bar  in  the  middle  of  the  discal  cell  of  fore  wings,  another  at  the 
outer  end  of  the  cell,  beyond  which  is  a  more  or  less  prominent  bar  with 
or  without  red  spots  (one  or  two).  The  female  is  much  darker,  with  the 
whole  upper  surface  of  the  primaries  usually  smoky-black  hue,  slightly 
transparent,  the  usual  bands  being  lost  in  the  ground  color  of  the  wing. 
Yellow  or  pink  spots  much  larger  than  in  the  male. 

The  variety  hermodour  is  much  blacker  than  smintheus.  Both  are 
found  in  the  state.  Comparison  of  specimens  from  Montana  with  those 
from  Pike's  Peak  show  the  latter  to  be  much  smaller,  and  lighter.  As 


Fig.  14,  Parnassius  smintheus,  var.  hermodour,  female. 

the  Pike's  Peak  specimens  are  from  altitude  12,000  feet  and  Montana 
specimens  from  3,000  to  7,000  this  is  to  be  expected. 

These  butterflies  are  truly  Alpine,  and  fly  for  but  a  short  season  of 
the  year.  The  lowest  altitude  at  which  they  have  been  taken  is  about 
3,000  feet  near  the  Biological  Station  at  Flathead  lake.  At  Missoula 
they  are  rare,  and  have  not  been  taken  below  5,000  feet,  and  then  in 
small  numbers.  They  fly  lazily  but  easily.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  they 
are  usually  taken  at  high  altitudes  their  capture  results  in  much  fatigue. 
Often  they  sail  gracefully  over  a  cliff  when  the  pursuer  is  all  but  ready 
for  a  sweep  of  the  net.  In  the  same  locality  high  eleavtion  seems  to 
result  in  smaller  and  blacker  specimens,  low  elevation  in  larger  and 
whiter  ones. 

Distribution — The  University  collection  contains  specimnes  from 
Missoula,  Tobacco  Root  Mountains,  Mission  Mountains,  New  Chicago, 
Madison  Lake,  Geyser  Basin,  Flathead  Lake,  the  Swan  Range  and  the 
National  Park.  It  is  found  at  higher  elevations  throughout  the  state, 
ranging  from  Colorado  to  California,  Montana  to  New  Mexico.  Its  north- 
ern limit  is  unknown.  According  to  Edwards  it  has  been  taken  as  far 


1C  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

as  Loggan,  Alberta.  Coubeaux  has  collected  it  at  Sheep  Creek  near  Big 
Sandy.  He  says  it  is  not  common  in  the  Highwood  and  Little  Belt 
Mountains,  and  that  it  seems  to  be  absent  from  the  Bear  Paw  Mountains. 
Food — The  caterpillar  feeds  on  Sedum  and  Saxifraga.  The  butterfly 
is  common  in  the  mountains  about  Helena  (Brandegee).  Cooley  has 
collected  it  at  Bozeman. 

THE    CLODIUS    BUTTERFLY. 
Parnassius  clodius  Menetries,  Fig.  15. 


Fig.  15,  Parnassius  clodius. 

Prof.  R.  A.  Cooley,  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 
at  Bozeman,  has  sent  us  two  specimens,  male  and  female,  of  this  species, 
taken  in  Gallatin  county,  where  he  reports  them  rather  abundant.  The 
pink  and  yellow  spots  are  lacking  on  the  primaries  in  both  sexes. 

The  male  has  more  smoky  brown  on  the  outer  edge  and  base  of 
primaries,  with  more  translucent  outer  margin.  The  differences  are  more 
clearly  shown  by  comparison  of  Figs.  13  to  15. 

Distribution — Clodius  is  found  upon  the  mountains  of  California.  It 
is  reported  from  the  state  by  Prof.  Cooley  as  stated.  Carrington  and 
Logan  collected  it  on  the  expedition  in  1871. 

Food — The  capterpillar  feeds  on  Sedum  and  Saxifraga. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  .MONTANA.  17 


Collecting:  Butterflies  at  High  Altitudes. 


My  first  high  altitude  collecting  was  at  11,500  feet  at  Seven  Lakes, 
Pike's  Peak.  It  was  in  August,  1892.  Ice  formed  at  night,  and  all  insect 
life  was  quiet.  During  the  warm  days  butterflies  were  abundant.  For 
the  first  time  I  saw  Parnassius  in  all  its  splendor.  But  to  capture  it  was 
difficult.  Not  being  accustomed  to  the  high  altitude  I  was  unable  to  make 
vigorous  effort,  and  after  a  short  chase  would  drop  to  the  ground  gasping 
for  breath.  Our  camp  was  in  the  valley  on  the  bank  of  one  of  the  "Seven 
Lakes,"  in  the  home  of  Parnassius  smintheus.  They  were  out  by  the 
thousands.  A  few  miles  from  camp,  toward  the  main  summit,  an  irriga- 
tion or  water  ditch  had  the  surface  of  the  water  covered  as  far  as  we 
could  see  in  either  direction  with  dead  or  struggling  larvae  of  smintheus. 

Above  timber  line  and  up  to  the  line  of  perpetual  snow  there  is  in 
summer  a  profuse  growth  of  Alpine  flowers.  One  who  has  not  seen  high 
altitude  vegetation  cannot  comprehend  the  beauty,  splendor,  and  pro- 
fusion of  high  altitude  or  alpine  flowers.  They  are  a  sight  never  to  be 
forgotten.  Above  timber  line  there  is  in  summer  a  profuse  growth.  On 
sheltered  or  sunny  slopes  there  is  a  varied  vegetation,  the  flowers  making 
a  beautiful  sight.  One  of  these  visions  is  the  most  gorgeous  I  have  ever 
seen  or  ever  hope  to  see. 

I  was  caught  in  a  shower  of  rain,  hail,  sleet,  and  snow,  and  had 
hastened  to  a  large  rock.  By  clinging  with  both  hands  and  feet  I  was 
somewhat  protected.  After  an  hour  the  storm  passed,  and  the  sun  came 
out  bright  and  warm.  Sunshine  always  brings  out  insects,  if  they  are 
about.  The  storm  left  a  deposit  of  snow  an  inch  or  two  in  depth  over  the 
surface  of  the  mountain  for  miles  around.  Above  the  snow,  showing 
their  varied  colors,  were  thousands  of  flowers  of  different  tints,  from  the 
genera  Actinella,  Allium,  Mertensia,  Silene,  Castilleia,  Polygonum,  Geum, 
Sedum,  and  Potentilla.  Hovering  over  these  flowers  were  hundreds  of 
butterflies,  displaying  their  gorgeous  colors.  It  was  a  rare  sight,  and  a 
rare  combination  of  snow,  alpine  flowers  and  alpine  butterflies.  The  in- 
sects were  Parnassius  smintheus,  Colias  ochraeus,  Colias  meadii,  Argyn- 
nis  eurynome,  Phyciodes  nycteis,  Argynnis  helena,  and  Lycaena  rustica. 

Such  a  blending  and  contrast  of  colors  is  rarely  seen,  and  forgetting 
everything  I  stood  for  a  long  time  drinking  it  in.  This  view  is  indelibly 
stamped  on  my  memory.  It  cannot  be  forgotten.  Soon  the  mournful 
squeak  of  the  pika  on  the  rocks  nearby  called  my  attention,  as  it  was  the 
pika  I  was  after.  In  a  short  time  the  snow  had  disappeared,  and  the  six 
mile  walk  to  camp  was  cheerfully  made. 

It  has  not  been  my  good  fortune  to  climb  high  mountains.  I  have 
done  no  collecting  above  14,000  feet.  Among  the  Rockies  of  Montana 
my  work  has  been  at  altitudes  below  10,000  feet.  My  next  attempt  at 


]g  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

collecting  at  altitudes  higher  than  common  was  in  the  National  Park,  at 
an  altitude  of  8,500  feet.  Again  I  saw  Parnassius  smintheus,  that  gor- 
geous insect  of  the  alpine  realm.  I  gave  chase,  and  after  landing  the 
prize  in  the  net  sank  to  the  ground  exhausted  and  gasping  for  breath. 
In  the  Mission  Mountains  of  Montana  I  have  had  many  a  happy  day 
among  the  peaks  at  9,500  feet  and  lower.  This  short  range  has  some  of 
the  most  beautiful  mountain  scenery  in  the  world.  Many  of  the  insects 
taken  are  recorded  in  this  work.  I  have  collected  in  the  Swan  range, 
and  in  the  main  range  of  the  Rockies,  at  altitudes  up  to  10,000  feet.  In 
northern  Montana  timber  line  is  9,500  feet.  In  Colorado  it  is  about 
11,500  or  12,000  feet.  These  two  elevations  in  the  different  localities  will 
probably  have  about  the  same  flora  and  fauna,  or  at  least  similar  condi- 
tions. Never  have  I  found  insects  so  abundant  as  at  Seven  Lakes  on 
Pike's  Peak,  and  rarely  are  they  abundant.  Quite  frequently  but  a  single 
specimen  is  captured,  often  but  a  few.  For  several  years  we  have  an- 
nually made  the  ascent  of  MacDougal  Peak  in  the  Swan  Range,  whose 
elevation  is  approximately  7,600  feet.  On  these  occasions  I  stay  behind 
to  see  that  all  are  going  down  safely.  I  always  loiter  on  the  summit  or 
along  the  long  ridge,  collecting  a  few  Lycaenas,  Argynnids,  Pierids,  or 
Phyciodes.  ? 

If  the  butterfly  students  of  Montana  will  seek  healthful  exercise, 
magnificent  view  of  snow-clad  mountain  summits  and  peaceful  wooded 
valleys,  with  a  catch  of  few  but  rare  and  very  choice  insects,  let  them 
ascend  some  high  peak  in  July  or  August,  seek  a  sunny  slope  of  open 
woods  and  abundant  vegetation,  and  pitch  their  tents  for  a  week.  It  will 
add  years  to  the  latter  end  of  life.  M.  J.  E. 


Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont.,  Biol.  Series  No.  10. 


Plate  III. 


View  of  MacDougal  Peak,  Swan  Range,  Montana,  in  August,  showing 
typical  country  for  Alpine  collecting.  The  summit  is  about  7,700  feet. 
Around  the  top  on  sunny  days  one  may  always  catch  an  abundance  of 
insects.  Photo  by  M.  J.  E. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


19 


Fig.  16.     Venation  of    Papilic 


SUBFAMILY    PAPILIONINAE. 

Large   species,   hind    wings   tailed.     Ground 

color  of  the  wings  black,  usually  marked  with 

yellow,  and  often  with  metallic  blue  or  green, 

or  yellow  marked  with  black.  Papilio. 

Genus    PAPILIO,    Linnaeus. 

Butterfly — There  is  great  diversity  of  form 
in  the  wings  of  this  genus.  They  are  large 
butterflies,  often  known  as  swallow  tails.  The 
wings  are  ample;  the  fore  wings  triangular; 
the  hind  wings  concave  next  to  the  body,  and 
usually  provided  with  a  tail-like  appendage 
before  the  anal  angle;  outer  margin  dentate. 
See  Fig.  16. 

Early  Stages — The  eggs  are  somewhat  glob- 
ular, flattened  at  the  base,  and  smooth.  The 
caterpillars  are  cylindrical,  fleshy,  thicker  in 
the  anterior  portion  of  the  body. 

There  aje  about  twenty-seven  species  of  this 
genus  found  within  the  limits  of  boreal 
America. 


KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  PAPILIO. 

1.  Ground  color  yellow,  with  black  bands.  2. 

Ground  color  black,  with  whitish  yellow  or  white  bands.  3. 

2.  One  tail,  rutulus. 

Two  tails,  daunus. 

3.  One  tail;     base  of  fore  wings  black;     an  orange  lunule  with  black 

ocelli  on  hind  winks,  4. 
One  tail;    but  little  black  at  base  of  fore  wing,  whiter, 

eurymedon. 

One  tail;  base  of  fore  and  hind  wings  broadly  black.  nitra. 

4.  Sides  of  thorax  yellow,  brucei. 

Sides  of  thorax  black,  zolicaon. 

r>.     Row  of  marginal  spots  on  under  side  of  fore  wings  blending  rutulus 


Row  or  marginal  spots  on  under  side  of  fore  wings  separate 


turnus 


20  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OP  MONTANA. 

THE  DAUNUS  BUTTERFLY  OR  SWALLOWTAIL. 
Papilio  daunus,   Boisduval,     Fig.   17. 


Fig.  17,  Papilio  daunus. 

butterfly — Expanse  4.00-5.25  inches.  Upper  surface  of  wings  clear 
yellow,  costa  and  outer  border  of  fore  wings  and  posterior  border  of  hind 
wings  black.  The  black  along  the  costa  is  suffused  with  yellow,  eight 
spots  in  the  fore  and  four  lunules  in  the  hind  wings.  The  lunule  on  the 
hind  wings  is  orange  color.  There  are  four  black  bands  on  the  fore 
wings.  The  first  is  continued  two-thirds  across  the  hind  wings  and  is 
about  one-fourth  the  distance  from  the  base  to  the  outer  margin.  The 
second  extends  from  the  costa  to  a  little  beyond  the  median  vein;  the 
third  extends  from  the  costa  across  the  discal  cell;  the  fourth  from  the 
costal  to  the  fifth  sub-costal  venule.  The  black  terminal  border  of  the 
hind  wings  contains  blue  clouds.  It  has  two  tails  which  are  black,  edged 
on  the  inside  with  yellow.  The  under  side  is  similar  to  the  upper.  The 
body  is  black  with  yellow  stripes  on  each  side. 

It  is  the  largest  of  our  butterflies,  very  conspicuous  when  on  the 
wing,  and  eagerly  sought  by  the  young  entomologist.  It  is  apparently 
absent  from  the  treeless  eastern  end  of  the  state. 

Food — The  early  stages  have  not  been  thoroughly  studied,  but  it  is 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  21 

allied  to  the  other  members  of  the  family.     The  caterpillar  feeds  on  a 
great  variety  of  plants. 

Distribution — It  is  found  among  the  eastern  valleys  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  descends  into  Mexico.  In  Arizona  it  is  quite  common.  In 
Montana  it  is  on  the  wing  by  the  last  of  April.  It  is  very  similar  to  the 
turn  us  of  the  eastern  and  middle  states,  but  is  larger,  and  with  two  tails 
to  the  wings.  It  is  rather  common  in  the  western  end  of  the  state,  but 
nowhere  abundant.  Wiley  does  not  report  it  from  the  eastern  end,  ex- 
cept to  refer  a  specimen  on  the  wing  to  either  daunus  or  rutulus.  Brande- 
gee  has  taken  it  at  Helena. 

THE  TURNUS  SWALLOW-TAIL. 

Papilio  turnus,  Linnaeus. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  male,  3.00  to  4.00  inches,  75  to  100  mm.;  female, 
3.50  to  5.00  inches,  87  to  125  mm.  Ihis  species  very  closely  resembles 
rutulus,  or,  rather,  rutulus  very  closely  resembles  turnus.  It  may  be 
distinguished  by  the  fact  that  the  marginal  spots  on  the  under  side  of  the 
fore  wings  are  separate,  while  in  rutulus  they  join  together.  The  species 
is  dimorphic  in  the  female  sex  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  territory  it 
occupies.  At  first  the  black  form  was  regarded  as  a  distinct  species, 
but  it  is  now  known  that  the  black  and  yellow  females  are  of  the  same 
species.  By  experiments  it  is  shown  that  eggs  from  yellow  females 
produce  black  females,  and  conversely  eggs  from  black  females  produce 
yellow  females.  The  dark  or  black  female  does  not  occur  in  Canada  or 
in  the  country  northward  and  westward.  Holland  has  obtained  speci- 
mens of  a  small  dwarfed  yellow  form  near  Sitka. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  green  or  bluish  green,  with  occasionally 
some  reddish  spots.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  wild  cherry  and  other 
plants. 

Distribution — It  abounds  in  the  wooded  regions  in  the  eastern  United 
States,  often  in  great  numbers,  extending  from  New  England  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  Westward  it  is  found  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  extending 
northward  to  Alaska.  In  the  state  it  has  been  taken  by  Carrington  and 
Logan  in  1871,  locality  not  given. 

Several  specimens  of  turnus  are  among  Wiley's  specimens  in  his  Miles 
City  collection. 


22  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE   RUTULUS   BUTTERFLY. 

Papilio  rutulus,  Boisduval.  Fig.  18. 


Fig.  18,  Papilio  rutulus. 

Butterfly — It  resembles  P.  daunus  in  color  and  markings,  but  the 
black  bands  are  broader  and  it  has  not  the  two  decided  tails.  The 
marginal  spots  on  the  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  run  together,  forming 
a  continuous  band.  Expanse,  male,  3.50-4.00  inches;  female,  3.75-4.25 
inches,  94  to  106  mm. 

This  species  also  closely  resembles  P.  turnus,  and  displaces  turnus 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  not  uncommon.  At  Missoula  it  flies  as  early 
as  May  10.  At  Swan  lake  it  is  abundant  in  June.  It  is  found  as  high  as 
6,100  feet  at  Missoula. 

Food — It  feeds  on  alder  and  willow,  which  are  very  abundant  along 
all  Mountain  streams. 

Distribution — It  is  a  Pacific  species.  Found  throughout  the  western 
part  of  the  state.  Not  reported  at  Miles  City,  except  as  mentioned  under 
daunus.  Brandegee  reports  it  from  Helena.  It  is  fairly  common  at  Boze- 
man,  according  to  Cooley. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 

THE  EURYMEDON    BUTTERFLY. 
Papilio  eurymedon,  Boisduval,  Fig.  19. 


23 


Fig  19,  Papilio  eurymedon. 

Butterfly — In  the  style  of  its  marking  it  resembles  P.  daunus,  but 
the  ground  color  is  always  pale  whitish  yellow  or  white,  and  the  white 
marginal  spots  on  the  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  continuous  as  in 
P.  rutulus.  Expanse  3.50 — 4.00,  87 — 100  mm. 

In  the  western  part  of  the  state  it  is  the  most  abundant  species, 
flying  as  early  as  April  30,  and  taken  through  May,  June  and  July. 

Food — The  caterpillar  resembles  P  .turnus,  but  may  be  distinguished 
by  its  paler  color  and  the  much  smaller  spots  composing  the  longitudinal 
series  on  the  back  and  sides,  and  by  the  different  color  of  the  head.  It 
feeds  upon  a  variety  of  plants,  and  is  especially  partial  to  Rhamnus 
californicus. 

Distribution — The  species  ranges  from  Mexico  to  Alaska,  eastward  to 
Colorado.  It  is  abundant  in  the  valleys  of  the  Coast  ranges,  and  is  very 
common  in  the  canyon  of  the  Frazer  river,  British  Columbia,  in  June. 
Common,  though  not  abundant,  around  Missoula,  and  taken  in  the  Mis- 
sion mountains  and  at  Swan  lake.  It  has  been  taken  at  6,000  feet  at 
Helena  by  Brandegee.  At  Bozeman  it  is  not  very  abundant  (Cooley). 
Wiley  has  one  specimen  from  Miles  City. 


24 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


BRUCE'S  SWALLOWTAIL. 
Papilio  brucei,  Edwards,  Fig.  20. 


Fig.  20,  Papilio  brucei. 

Butterfly — Expanse  3.25-3.60  inches.  Under  surface  yellow,  with 
black  borders  ,the  same  as  in  P.  daunus.  The  base  of  the  wings  is  black 
and  it  extends  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  the  discal  cell  appear  black  with 
three  yellow  bars.  It  has  the  yellow  spots  in  the  black  along  the  costa. 
It  has  one  tail,  and  black  marking  on  the  veins.  The  last  lunule  in  the 
hind  wing  is  orange  with  a  black  ocellus.  The  hind  wings  have  the  blue 
clouds.  The  body  is  black.  It  is  thought  to  be  the  result  of  a  union  be- 
tween P.  oregonia  and  P.  bairdi. 

Food — The  caterpillar  feeds  on  Umbelliferae,  and  is  common  on 
parsley  and  parsnips  in  gardens. 

Distribution — In  Colorado  and  adjacent  regions  P.  oregonia  meets 
with  the  form  bairdi  which  ranges  northward  from  Arizona.  Hybridiza- 
tion is  thought  to  have  occurred,  resulting  in  the  fixed  form  brucei, 
breeding  either  toward  bairdi  or  oregonia.  Oregonia  is  found  in  Oregon 
and  Washington,  where  bairdi  is  absent.  We  formerly  captured  a  speci- 
men identified  by  Edwards  as  oregonia  and  another  as  bairdi  near  Idaho 
Falls,  which  lends  support  to  the  hybridization  idea.  We  have  sought  for 
oregonia  in  Western  Montana,  but  have  found  none  which  could  be  so 
called.  Most  of  our  specimens  have  been  taken  from  Missoula.  One  was 
taken  in  the  Mission  mountains.  Cooley  has  specimens  from  Bozeman, 
thought  to  be  zolicaon.  Possibly  Wiley's  zolicaon  may  be  brucei. 


BUTTERFLIES 


MONTANA. 


25 


THE  ZOLICAON    BUTTERFLY. 

Papilio  Zolicaon,  Boisduval,  Fig.  21. 


Fig.  21,  Papilio  zolicaon. 

Butterfly — Expanse  3.25-3.75  inches.  Upper  side  of  primaries  black, 
marked  and  spotted  with  deep  yellow;  of  secondaries  yellow  from  base 
nearly  two-thirds  the  distance  to  margin,  beyond  black;  primaries  have 
a  sub-marginal  row  of  eight  spots,  and  a  discal  series  of  eight  forming  a 
band  across  the  entire  wing;  the  first  discal  spot  excavated  on  the  upper 
side,  sometimes  divided  into  two.  Secondaries  with  a  broad  black  border 
which  incloses  a  sub-marginal  series  of  six  yellow  spots,  the  first  often 
wanting;  an  orange  or  deep  fulvous  spot,  inclosing  a  round  or  oval  or 
black  spot,  and  edged  on  the  upper  side  by  a  blue  crescent,  the  ring 
occasionally  wanting;  the  rest  of  the  wing  yellow,  divided  into  eight 
spots,  the  cell  being  one,  by  the  black  nervures.  Under  side  nearly  as 
above,  the  colors  paler. 

Food — The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  Umbelliferae,  fennel,  carrot  and 
celery. 

Distribution — Southward  from  Vancouver's  Island  to  Arizona,  east- 
ward to  Colorado.  Reported  by  Wiley  to  be  rare  at  Miles  City.  Collected 
by  Dr.  Hayden  in  Montana  in  1871. 

THE   NITRA   SWALLOWTAIL. 
Papilio   nitra,   Edwards. 

Butterfly — This  butterfly  is  very  nearly  related  to  zolicaon,  but  the 
black  is  v/idely  spread  over  the  baso  of  the  wings  so  as  to  make  the  yellow 
appear  like  a  broad  band,  and  the  two  yellow  bars  in  the  fore  wings  are 
very  indistinct. 

Holland  reports  this  insect  rare  in  collections,  and  says  it  has  sprung 
from  the  same  original  stock  as  zolicaon  and  aliaska,  the  latter  being  an 
offshoot  from  the  Asiatic  butterfly.  We  have  not  seen  the  species. 

Food — Early  stages  and  food  unknown. 

Distribution — It  occurs  in  Montana  and  the  portions  of  British 
America  adjacent  on  the  north. 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


FAMILY  PIERIDAE. 

Small  or  medium  sized;  hind  wings  not  tailed;  white  or  yellow  in 
color;  with  dark  marginal  markings.  Pierinae. 

SUB-FAMILY  PIERINAE  (The  Sulphurs  and  Whites.) 
Medium  sized  or  small  butterfly,  white  or  yellow  in  color,  with  dark 
marginal  markings.     In  many  genera  the  sub-costal  vein  of  the  fore  wing 
has  five,  or  even  six  nervules,  and  the  upper  radial  is  lacking  in  this 
wing.     The  eggs  are   spindle  shaped,   marked   with   vertical   ridges   and 
cross  lines.     The  caterpillars   are  cylindrical,   generally  green   in   color. 
The  chrysalids  are  generally  more  or  less  jointed  at  the  head. 
Key  to  Genera. 

1.  Antennae  abruptly  terminating  in  an  ovoid  club.  2. 

Abtennae  terminating  in  an  obconic  club.  4. 

2.  Abdomen  shorter  than  the  hind  wings;     color  white     or     very     pale 

yellow.  3. 

3.  Underside  of  hind  wings  without  marks,  or  marked  along  the  veins; 

size,  medium.  Pontia,  P.  27 

Underside  of  hind  wings  marked  with  a  greenish  net-work;    small 

size.  Synchloe,  P.  32 

4.  Hind  wings  with  an  orange  discal  spot,  both  wings  with  black  border 

Eurymus,  P.  37 

Medium  sized;    costa  black  as  far  as  the  end  of  the  cell;   trans- 
parent white  wings;  apex  black  with  white  spots. 

Neophasia,  P.  2G 

Genus  NEOPHASIA  Behr. 

Butterfly — Medium  size,  white  in  color.  The  upper  radial  is  lack- 
ing, and  the  sub-costal  is  provided  with  five  branches,  the  first  emitted 
well  before  the  end  of  the  cell. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  flask  shaped.  The  caterpillar  in  its  mature 
form  is  about  an  inch  long.  The  body  is  cylindrical,  terminating  in  two 
short  anal  tails.  The  color  is  dark  green,  with  a  broad  white  band  on 
each  side.  But  one  species  is  known. 

Key  to  Species. 

Almost  a  transparent  white,  a  black  border  to  fore  wings,  and  a 
black  bar  across  the  discal  cell,  meeting  the.  border,  menapia. 

.     THE   PINE   WHITE. 

Neophasia   menapia   Felder.        Figs.  22,  23. 

Butterfly — Medium  sized;  hind  wings  white  with  dark  veins  on  the 
under  side;  black  and  white  apex. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


•27 


Fig.  23.     Neophasia  menapia. 

Early  Stages — Described  by  Edwards.  "The  caterpillar  infests  the 
pine  trees  and  firs  of  the  northern  Pacific  States.  The  larva  lets  itself 
down  by  a  silken  thread,  often  a  hundred  feet  in  length, 
and  pupates  on  the  ferns  and  shrubbery  at  the  foot  of 
the  trees.  It  sometimes  works  great  damage  to  the  pine 
woods." 

Distribution — It  does  not  seem  abundant  in  the  west 
end,  but  has  often  been  seen  in  the  Mission  mountains 
and  about  the  laboratory  at  Big  Fork  high  up  in  the 
coniferous  trees  out  of  reach  of  the  collector.  At  Swan 
lake  it  was  found  rather  abundant  late  in  August,  1903. 
In  Auguist,  1904,  about  40  were  taken  in  a  half  hour, 
about  half  way  up  the  lake.  The  collecting  region  at 
Swan  lake  for  this  species  is  along  the  lower  half  of  the 
.°  lake  shore.  Very  few  have  been  seen  around  the  upper 

Neophasia   menapia 

end. 

Genus  PONTIA  FABRICIUS. 

(The  Whites).     Fig.  23. 

Butterfly — White,  more  or  less  marked  with  black,  occasionally  the 
white  is  tinged  with  yellow.  The  outer  margin  of  the  primaries  is 
straight,  the  outer  margin  of  the  secondaries  is  more  or  less  evenly 
rounded.  The  egg  is  spindle  shaped.  The  caterpillar  is  elongate,  the 
head  hemispherical.  The  chrysalis  is  attached  by  the  anal  extremity,  and 
held  in  place  by  a  silk  girdle. 

Key  to   Species. 

1.  Fore  wings  with  a  black  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  more  or  less 

of  a  black  border,  2, 

Fore  wings  with  no  black  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  3. 

2.  Markings  on  under  side  concentrated  in  brownish  blotches, 

protodice. 

Markings  on  under  side  of  hind  wings  green  blotches  on  the  disk, 

beckeri. 
Markings  on  under  side  as  rays  on  either  side  of  the  veins, 

occidentalism 
Veins  of  fore  wings  black,  spots  smaller.  sisymbri. 


28 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


3.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  plain  yellow.    No  marks  along  the  veins, 

rapae. 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  marked  along  the  veins,  4. 

4.  Black  border  to  both  wings,  monuste. 

No  black  border  to  wings,  5. 

5.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  pale  yellow,  with  brownish  along  the  veins, 

napi. 

THE   PROTODICE   BUTTERFLY,  OR   SOUTHERN   WHITE. 

Pontia  protodice  Bois.  and  LeConte.     Fig.  24. 

Summer  form,  protodice,  Bd.  and  Lee.  Expanse  of  wings  from  1.6 
to  1.8  inches,  40  to  45  mm. 

Male.  Upper  surface  white,  fore  wings  with  a  broad  black  dash  or 
bar  across  the  end  of  the  discal  cell,  and  a  sub-marginal  row  of  three 
more  or  less  distinct  spots,  the  last  almost 
or  quite  touching  the  hind  margin.  Traces 
of  rays  run  from  this  row  to  the  outer 
edge.  Hind  wings  without  spots.  Bars 
and  spots  are  repeated  on  the  under  side. 
Veins  of  hind  wings  are  broadly  marked 
with  greenish  yellow  sprinkled  with  brown 
seals,  and  the  tips  of  the  fore  wings 
tinged  with  greenish  yellow. 

Female.  Color  and  spots  as  in  male, 
but  the  spots  have  a  tendency  to  blend, 
and  the  outer  margin  supports  a  border 
of  triangles  connecting  with  the  sub- 
terminal  row  of  rays.  Hind  wings  with 
subterminal  zigzag  blackish  line,  outer 
portions  sending  rays  to  the  margin, 
where  they  are  somewhat  expanded.  The 
base  of  both  wings  are  more  sprinkled 
with  dark  scales  than  in  the  males.  Under 
side  similar  to  that  of  the  male. 

Winter  form,  vernal  is,  Edw.  Smaller 
than  summer  form,  the  dark  colors  more 
prominent.  Spots  of  subterminal  row  of 
fore  wings  more  inclined  to  be  connected. 
Expanse  scarecely  1.6  inches.  Body  black, 
with  some  white  hairs  and  scales. 

Distribution — This  insect  is  usually  known  as  the  Southern  Cabbage 
butterfly,  though  it  is  to  be  found  everywhere  east  of  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains. It  is  injurious  in  the  larval  state  in  the  southern  states.  In  the 
northern  states  P.  rapae  is  more  common,  in  many  places  driving  out 
protodice.  There  are  several  broods  during  a  season. 

Wiley  has  taken  it  at  Miles  City;  Brandegee  has  collected  it  at 
Helena;  Cooley  has  it  from  Bozeman;  Douglass  collected  it  in  the 
Ruby  Mountains  and  Madison  Valley;  Elrod  has  taken  it  at  Missoula, 
Flathead  Lake,  and  in  the  Mission  Mountains,  Coubeaux  has  it  from  Big 
Sandy.  Collected  by  Coues  along  the  49th  parallel  in  1874. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


Fig.  25,  Pontia  protodice. 

Its  food  consists  of  cruciferous  plants.     It  is  destructive  to  cabbage. 
THE  WESTERN    WHITE,   Pontia   occidentalis   Reakirt 

Butterfly — Size  about  1.75  inches,  distinguished  from  P.  protodice  by 
its  smaller  size  and  different  markings.  On  the  under  side  of  the  wings 
the  dark  markings  are  not  concentrated  in  blotches,  but  are  in  broad 
longitudinal  rays  on  either  side  of  the  veins  from  the  base  to  the  outer 
margin.  Spots  on  the  upper  side  much  smaller  than  in  protodice,  and 
fewer.  The  females  are  sometimes  lemon  yellow  above. 

Early  Stages — Similar  to  those  of  protodice. 

Distribution — It  is  found  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific. 
Wiley  has  it  in  his  collection  from  Miles  City;  Cooley  has  taken  it  at 
Bozeman;  Brandegee  at  Helena;  Douglass  at  Madison  Lakes;  Elrod  at 
Missoula,  and  on  MacDougal  Peak.  It  is  likely  to  be  found  any  place  in 
the  state.  Allen  has  taken  it  at  Dillon.  Coues  collected  it  in  1874  along 
the  49th  parallel. 

THE    CABBAGE    BUTTERFLY.     Pontia    rapae,    Linnaeus.        Fig.   26. 


Fig.  26.     Pontia  rapae;    upper  figures  show  both  surfaces  of  female, 
lower  figures  same  for  male. 


30  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Butterfly — Known  as  cabbage  butterfly;  yellowish  white,  with  apex 
of  fore  wings  black.  Two  black  spots  on  fore  wings  and  one  on  the  hind 
wings.  Underneath,  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings  and  the  entire  surface 
of  the  hind  wings  are  pale  lemon  yellow.  In  the  female  two  spots  on 
outer  part  of  fore  wings,  in  male  only  one. 

The  larva  feeds  principally  on  cabbage.  Its  color  is  green  like  the 
cabbage  leaf,  with  a  narrow  greenish  lemon  yellow  dorsal  band.  The 
body  is  clothed  with  very  fine  short  hairs. 

Distribution — This  common  species  is  an  importation  from  Europe. 
It  reached  Quebec  in  1860;  how,  no  one  knows,  perhaps  in  cabbage.  By 
1881  it  had  spread  over  the  eastern  half  of  the  continent,  from  Hudson 
Bay  to  Southern  Texas.  In  1886  it  had  reached  Denver,  and  in  1884  had 
reached  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri.  It  now  possesses  the  cabbage 
fields  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  "to  the  incalculable  damage  of  all 
who  provide  the  raw  material  for  sauerkraut."  The  injury  done  by  the 
caterpillar  is  estimated  to  amount  to  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars. 

It  is  probably  to  be  found  all  over  the  state,  and  has  been  taken  at 
almost  every  place  where  collections  have  been  made,  at  Missoula,  Miles 
City,  Bozeman,  Helena,  University  of  Montana  Biological  Station  at  Flat- 
head  Lake,  Mission  Mountains.  It  does  not  seem  as  common  as 
P.  protodice.  Allen  collected  it  at  Dillon. 

THE   MUSTARD  WHITE. 
Pontia  napi   Linnnaeus.     Fig.  27. 


1  2 

Fig.  27.  Pontia  napi,  No.  1,  var.pallida  No.  2,  van.  acadica. 
Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings,  about  1.75  inches.  In  general  shape 
and  appearance  it  resembles  protodice  or  rapae.  General  color  while, 
with  grayish  vein  markings,  some  with  a  dusky  spot  on  the  wings,  or 
dusky  at  the  base  of  the  wings.  A  Protean,  cosmopolitan  species,  ex- 
isting in  many  forms,  the  result  of  climatic  and  local  influences,  which 
has  a  very  wide  distribution.  The  different  forms  are  to  be  found  from 
Arctic  America  as  far  south  as  California  on  the  west,  and  Michigan  and 
New  England  on  the  east.  It  is  mostly  represented  in  the  regions  farther 
to  the  north.  The  typical  form  is  found  in  Europe,  rarely  in  Nortu 
America,  although  Holland  has  specimens  from  the  Pacific  Coast  region 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  31 

which  he  says  are  absolutely  indistinguishable  from  European  specimens 
in  color  and  markings. 

Var.  pallida,  Scudder.  The  wings  are  white  above  and  below,  with 
small  black  spot  on  the  fore  wing  of  the  female  above,  and  hardly  any 
trace  of  dark  shading  along  the  veins  on  the  under  side;  a  trace  of  dark 
on  the  hinder  edge  and  base  of  fore  wings.  One  specimen  taken  at  Flat- 
head  Lake,  August,  1903.  One  taken  in  the  big  meadows  at  the  upper 
end  of  Swan  Lake,  August  8,  1904. 

Var.  acadica,  Edwards.  The  veins  of  the  wings  have  narrow  border 
above  and  below  of  blackish,  more  pronounced  in  the  female,  base  of 
wings  and  sometimes  the  tips  dusky.  The  under  side  in  both  sexes  and 
the  upper  side  in  the  female  are  distinctly  yellowish.  Specimens  from 
Montana  have  been  examined  as  follows:  One  from  Helena  (Brandegee) 
June  26,  1902;  four  from  Missoula,  one  April  28,  1900,  one  June  1,  1900, 
one  June  12  1899  one  October  1897;  one  from  Bozeman  (Cooley) ;  three 
from  Miles  City  (Wiley). 

THE  CALIFORNIA  WHITE. 
Pontia  sisymbri,  Boiduval  Fig.  28. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  male,  1.2  to  1.6  inches,  33  to  40  mm.;   female, 
1.6  to  2.00,  40  to  50  mm.     Upper  side  of  male  white  with  a  faint  yellow 
tint;   bases  of  wings  dusted  with  black;    primaries  have  the  costal  margin 
gray  for  three-fifths  the  length  from  base;    the  ends  of  the  nervules  from 
apex  to  second  branch  of  median  covered  by 
black  bars,  which  diminish  gradually  in  length 
down   the   margin;     midway   between   margin 
and  cell  is  a  transverse  black     band,     inter- 
rupted opposite  cell,  and  running  from  costa 
to  upper  median  interspace;      in    the    arc     a 
black  bar,  indented  on  outer  side;    secondaries 
immaculate;     fringes    of    both    wings    white; 
Fig  28.    Pontia  Sisymbri.       black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  same  color;  the  markings  repeated,  but  paler  or  gray, 
the  bars  along  margin  of  primaries  greenish-gray. 

Body    gray    above,    thorax   white    below,    abdomen    yellowish;      legs 
white,   palpi   white  with  black  hairs   in  front;      antennae   black   above, 
whitish  beneath;    club  black,  the  tip  orange, 
Female  similar  to  male. 

Early  Stages — The  eggs  are  long,  narrow,  conical,  the  base  and  top 
flattened,  depressed;  ribbed  longitudinally,  and  crossed  by  numerous 
striae;  color  when  first  laid  yellow,  shortly  before  the  end  of  the  stage 
red.  Mature  larva  about  .9  inch,  25  mm.,  color  light  yellow  crossed  with 
stripes  of  black.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  cruciferae. 

Distribution — Found  in  Colorado  and  the  Pacific  states.  Collected 
by  Elrod  at  Missoula. 


32  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

BECKER'S   WHITE. 
Pontia  beckeri,  Edwards. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  2  to  2.2  inches,  51  tc  56  mm.  Easily  discrim- 
inated from  all  other  allied  species  by  the  green  markings  on  the  under 
side  of  the  hind  wings,  concentrated  in  broad  blotches  on  the  disk;  by 
these  markings  the  species  recalls  the  species  of  the  genus  euchole. 

Male.  Upper  side  pure  white;  base  of  wings  not  powdered  with 
black,  as  in  allied  species;  at  the  outer  edge  of  the  cell  a  dense  black 
subrectangular  spot  (not  reaching  the  costa),  with  a  central  white  streak. 
Secondaries  immaculate. 

Under  side  white;  the  veins  at  apex  and  on  upper  hind  margin 
bordered  by  black  scales  and  suffused  with  greenish  yellow;  cellular 
spot  enlarged,  its  base  broadened  and  posterior  edge  excavated. 

Secondaries  have  all  the  veins  and  branches  yellow;  those  ter- 
minating on  hind  marg.n  edged  by  broad  bands  of  yellow  green  reaching 
to  middle  of  disk  and  connected  anteriorly;  three  large  spots  of  same 
color  about  the  cell;  another  large  triangular  subapical  spot  on  costa; 
the  veins  at  base  banded  with  green;  all  these  bands  and  spots  slightly 
sprinkled  with  black  scales. 

Body  above  gray,  yellowish  beneath  abdomen,  white  beneath  thorax; 
legs  white;  palpi  white,  grey  on  upper  side  and  at  tip.  Antennae  white 
above  and  at  base  below,  beyond  brown;  club  black,  tip  pale  fulvous. 

Female.  Similar  to  male,  but  with  larger  and  more  numerous  spots; 
secondaries  with  black  spots  and  dark  streaks  along  the  veins;  under 
side  with  a  round  black  spot  in  submedian  inter-space  on  primaries,  in 
addition  to  discal  black  spot. 

Early  Stages — The  mature  larva  is  1.25  inches,  32  mm.  long,  greenish 
white,  thickly  marbled  or  sprinkled  with  gray,  and  with  a  very  distinct 
orange  belt  between  the  segments;  each  segment  also  has  16  or  18  jet 
black  tubercles  which  taper  into  black  bristles;  the  head  is  tinged  with 
yellow.  It  feeds  on  cruciferous  plants. 

Distribution — From  Washington  to  Central  California,  east  to  Colo- 
rado. Taken  in  the  state  by  Ccoley  at  Bozeman,  and  by  Allen  at  Dillon. 

Genus  SYNCHLOE,   Huber. 
(Euchloe-Anthocharis.)      Fig.  29. 

Butterfly — Small  butterflies,  white  in  color,  with  the  apical  region  of 
the  primaries  dark-brown,  marked  with  spots  and  bands  of  yellowish 
orange  or  crimson.  On  the  underside  the  wings  are  generally  more  or 
less  profusely  mottled  with  green  spots  and  striae. 

Egg — Spindle  shaped,  laterally  marked  with  raised  vertical  ridges, 
between  which  are  fine  cross  lines. 

Caterpillar — In  its  mature  stage,  it  is  relatively  long,  with  the  head 
small. 

Chrysalis — With  the  head  relatively  projecting;  wing  cases  com- 
pressed. 

Key  to  Species. 

1.  Orange  apex,  surrounded  by  black;  lower  surface  of  hind  wings  com- 
plete groen  network,  sara. 
No  orange  at  apex  of  fore  wings,  2. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  33 

2.  Having  the  tips  of  wings  marked  with  gray;    a  conspicuous  bar  at  the 

end  of  the  cell,  3. 

3.  Under   side;      apex   of  fore   wings   with   many   green   scales;      hind 

wings  with  a  network  of  greenish  yellow  scales.  creusa. 

Under   side;     apex   of  fore   wings   with   a    few   green   scales;     hind 
wings  crossed  with  several  green  bands,  outer  one  trifid, 

olympia. 

Under  side;     hind  wing  with  three  irregular  bands,  outer  one  much 
forked,  ausonides. 

THE  AUSONIDES  ORANGE-TIP. 
Synchole  ausonides  Boisduval.    Fig.  30. 


Fig.  30.     Synchloe  aussonides. 

Butterfly — Fore  wings  greenish  beneath;  hind  wings  marked  with 
three  irregular  green  bands,  the  outer  one  forking  into  six  or  seven 
branches  toward  the  outer  and  inner  margins.  Expanse  ,1.65  to  1.90 
inches,  41-48  mm. 

Early  Stages — Caterpillar  pale  whitish  green,  with  dark-green  longi- 
tudinal strips  on  the  side  and  back.  It  feeds  on  cruciferous  plants. 

Distribution — It  ranges  from  Arizona  to  Alaska,  eastward  to  Colo- 
rado. Brandegee  reports  it  common  at  Helena.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
abundant  insects  about  Mis&oula  in  the  spring,  although  not  so  abundant 
as  sara. 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE   SARA   ORANGE-TIP. 
Synchloe  sara,  Boisduval,    Fig.  31. 


Fig.  31.     Synchloe  sara,  upper  and  lower  surfaces. 

Butterfly — White  with  orange  tips.  There  is  a  black  bar  dividing 
the  apical  patch.  The  female  is  sometimes  yellow  instead  of  white.  On 
the  under  side  the  hind  wings  are  marked  with  dark  irregular  patches  of 
greenish  brown  scales,  loosely  scattered  over  the  surface,  and  having  a 
"mossy"  appearance.  There  are  different  varieties. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — This  species  in  'all  its  forms  belongs  to  the  Mountain 
States  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  abundant  around  Missoula,  where  it 
seems  to  thrive.  The  mountain  slope  back  of  the  University  is  a  favorite 
field,  as  it  faces  the  west,  catching  the  warm  rays  of  the  sun  in  spring. 
Here  dozens  may  be  captured  in  a  short  time.  It  is  common  around 
Helena  (Brandegee)  and  about  Bozeman  (Cooley). 

Var.  julia,  Edwards,  in  which  the  black  bar  dividing  the  red  apical 
patch  from  the  white  on  the  remainder  of  the  wing  is  broken,  or  tends 
to  diminution  at  its  middle,  is  reported  by  Brandegee  as  common  at 
Helena. 

Variety  reakertii  is  smaller  than  sara,  with  dark  spots  at  the  ends 
of  the  veins  of  the  hind  wings.  Taken  by  Brandegee  at  Mt.  Ascension, 
near  Helena. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  35 

THE   OLYMPIA   ORANGE-TIP. 
Synchloe  olympia  Awards.       Fig.  32. 


Fig.  2.2.     Synchloe  olympia. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  about  1.25  inches.  Upper  surface  white,  gray 
at  base  of  wings;  a  large  gray  patch  at  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings,  par- 
tially replaced  by  white.  Costal  margin  slightly  specked  with  black;  a 
black  bar  at  the  end  of  cell.  The  hind  wings  have  a  few  black  scales 
at  the  outer  angle  and  a  small  wedge-shaped  black  spot  near  the  base  on 
the  costa.  Under  side  white.  The  fore  wings  have  a  small  gray  sub- 
apical  patch  on  the  costa,  nearly  covered  with  green  scales,  and  a  faint 
greenish  patch  on  the  outer  margin.  Discal  spot  narrow,  lunate,  en- 
closing a  white  streak. 

Hind  wings  crossed  by  bands  of  yellow-green  on  a  gray  ground.  The 
one  near  the  base  is  slightly  trifid  on  the  costa,  the  outer  one  broadly 
trifld,  but  running  from  the  outer  margin  instead  of  the  costa,  the  middle 
and  outer  one  joined  on  the  median  vein.  There  is  also  a  spot  of  the 
same  color  between  the  anterior  ends  of  the  second  and  third. 

Body  black  above,  the  under  side  white,  the  thorax  tinged  with 
greenish  yellow. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  is  striped  lengthwise  with  pale  slate 
color  and  bright  yellow;  feet,  legs  and  head  grayish  green.  The  food 
plants  are  the  cruciferous  species. 

Distribution — Found  from  West  Virginia  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
from  Montana  southward  to  Texas.  In  Montana  collected  abundantly  by 
Wiley  at  Miles  City;  taken  by  Cooley  at  Bozeman,  and  by  Barnes  at 
Aldridge. 


3G  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Butterflies  and  Fairies. 


Lily  Mordaunt  in  "Kenelm  Chillingly"  had  some  beliefs  that  make 
her  too  fanciful  for  a  real  character.  One  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  these 
was  her  idea  about  butterflies.  She  had  a  green-house  inclosed  with 
wire  and  covered  with  vines  and  draperies,  into  which  she  put  every 
butterfly  she  could  catch.  Butterflies  to  her  were  not  insects,  but  the 
souls  of  infants  who  had  died  unbaptized.  If  they  were  taken  care  of  for 
a  year  they  turned  to  fairies.  So  she  fed  and  tamed  her  colonies  of  but- 
terflies, releasing  them  when  she  believed  their  year  of  life  completed,, 
that  they  might  be  free  to  change  into  fairies. 

NELLIE  A.  WHITNEY. 


Fig.  33.     Venation  «f  Eurymns. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


GENUS  EURYMUS,  Swainson. 
(The  Sulphurs.) 

Fig.  33. 

Butterfly — Medium  sized,  yellow  or  orange 
in  color,  with  black  borders  upon  the  wings. 
In  many  species  this  border  is  heavier  in  the 
female  than  in  the  male. 

Egg — The  egg  is  spindle  shaped,  thickest  at 
the  middle,  tapering  at  the  apex  and  at  the 
base,  generally  attached  by  an  enlarged  disk- 
like  expansion,  to  the  point  on  which  it  is 
laid.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  Leguminosae 
and  especially  upon  the  clover. 

Distribution — This  genus  is  represented 
throughout  the  temperate  regions  of  both 
hemispheres.  It  also  occurs  in  the  cooler  por- 
tions of  South  America  and  along  the  ranges 
of  the  Andes. 

Key  to  Species. 

1.  Ground  color  of  wings  yellow,  no  black  at 
base;  underside  with  a  sub-marginal 
row  of  dark  points,  philodice. 


2.  Ground  color  of  wings  orange,  or  at  least  an  orange  patch  in  the 

middle  of  fore  wings. 

Wings  orange  above  and  below,  eurytheme. 

Wings  deep  orange  above,  green  below  meadii. 

3.  Under  side  without  sub-marginal  row  of  black  spots.     Apex  of  fore 

wings  and  the  entire  surface  of  hind  wings  greenish  gray,  color 
generally  white,  scudderi. 

Canary  yellow,  larger  than  preceding;     ocellus  on  under  side,  hinl 
wings  white,  alexandra. 

THE   COMMON   SULPHUR. 
Eurymus  philodice  Godart.     Fig.  34. 


Fig.  34.     Eurymus  philodice,  left  figure,  male;    right  female. 


38  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Butterfly — Wings  above  rather  pale  greenish  yellow,  outer  borders 
black;  border  of  female  is  broader  than  in  male,  and  contains  a  sub- 
marginal  row  of  yellow  dots;  discal  spot  in  the  male  is  elliptical;  an- 
tennae, costa  and  fringes  roseate;  a  submarginal  row  of  dots  on  the  under 
side,  the  last  three  on  the  fore  wings  black,  the  remainder  brown  with 
pink  scales.  Dimorphic  females  occur  with  wings  nearly  or  quite  white, 
and  also  a  black  form.  Expanse  1.75,  2.25  inches,  38-57  mm. 

Early  Stages — The  food  plant  is  clover.  The  eggs  are  pale  yellow, 
changing  after  being  laid  to  crimson.  The  caterpillar  is  slender,  green, 
striped  longitudinally  with  paler  green.  The  chrysalis  is  pale  green. 

Distribution — The  species  ranges  from  New  England  to  Florida  and 
westward  into  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  collection  at  the  University 
of  Montana  contains  specimens  from  Missoula,  Fish  Creek,  McDonald 
Lake  in  the  Mission  Mountains,  Lo  Lo  Hot  Spings,  Flathead  Lake,  Madi- 
son Valley,  National  Park  and  Mount  Lo  Lo. 

Remarks — It  is  one  of  our  common  butterflies.  It  shows  many  varia- 
tions in  size,  coloration  and  markings.  We  have  despaired  of  separating 
the  males  of  philodice,  eurytheme  and  alexandra,  so  much  are  they  alike, 
and  so  much  do  they  vary.  It  would  at  first  seem  as  though  philodice 
should  not  be  found  west  of  the  range,  but  specimens  from  Flathead 
Lake  are  indistinguishable  from  those  in  the  eastern  end  of  the  state; 
and  if  the  labels  of  Montana  specimens  were  exchanged  with  those  col- 
lected by  Wiley  and  the  writer  from  Iowa,  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  Mis- 
souri the  difference  could  not  be  told.  The  large  series  (about  100)  of 
insects  of  this  species  in  the  University  collection  shows  that  the  species 
in  markings  and  coloration  apparently  merges  into  Eurytheme,  and  it 
has  often  occurred  to  us  that  they  may  possibly  overlap. 

THE    EURYTHEME    SULPHUR. 
Eurymus   eurytheme,   Boisduval.      Plate   IV. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings  2  to  2.35  inches,  50-90  mm.  Closely  re- 
sembling philodice  in  size,  shape  and  markings,  but  color  orange,  of 
varying  shades,  instead  of  yellow.  Male  usually  orange-yellow,  shading 
to  sulphur  yellow  on  the  costa  of  both  wings  and  on  inner  margin  of  hind 
wings,  base  and  inner  margin  sprinkled  with  black  scales;  outer  border 
black,  broadest  at  apex;  anterior  veins  yellow  where  they  cross  the 
black;  width  of  border  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  wing;  discal  spot 
black  on  fore  wings,  orange  on  hind  wings,  usually  with  two  spots  in 
the  latter;  both  wings  have  roseate  reflection;  under  side  yellow, 
middle  of  fore  wings  tinged  with  orange;  on  both  wings  a  sub-terminal 
row  of  dots,  the  three  posterior  of  fore  wings  black,  the  remainder 
brownish,  also  two  dots  on  costa  near  apex;  discal  spots  repeated,  the 
anterior  black,  with  a  few  light  scales,  posterior  gemmate,  silvery,  an- 
nulate with  roseate  brown  or  ferruginous;  a  dash  on  the  costa  of  the 
hind  wings  near  the  apex,  and  a  rosy  spot  at  the  base. 

Female  of  same  general  color;  border  contains  a  row  of  yellow  spots, 
the  third  from  the  posterior  and  on  fore  wings  sub-obsolute;  border  of 
hind  wings  wider  than  in  male,  and  with  rudiments  of  yellow  spots; 
under  side  similar  to  that  of  male. 


Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont.,  Biol.  Series  No.  10. 


Plate  IV. 


Eurymus  eurytheme,  3,  under  side;  4,  upper  side  of  female;  1,  upper 
side  of  male;  2,  lower  side  of  female,  form  keewayden;  5,  upper  side  of 
male;  6,  lower  side  of  female,  form  meadii;  7,  upper  side  of  male;  8, 
lower  side  of  female,  form  ariadne. 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA.  39 

A  white  or  albino  female,  Fig.  35,  is  sometimes  found  with,  all  the 
markings  as  in  the  yellow  form,  white  replacing  the  yellow.  There  are 
the  following  seasonal  and  local  variations  from  the  typical  form. 

Form  aridadne,  Edwards,  Plate  IV,  emerging  from  winter  chrysalis, 
has  the  fore  wings  tinged  with  orange,  a  spring  form.  Expanse,  1.75 
inch,  45  mm. 

Form  keewaydin,  Edwards,  Plate  IV.  Larger  than  preceding,  more 
deeply  flushed  with  orange,  a  winter  form.  Expanse,  1.85  inch,  48  mm. 

Form  eriphyle,  Edwards,  yellow,  not  laved  with  orange,  summer  form. 
Expanse,  2.00  inch,  50  mm. 

Albinos  have  been  taken  at 
Flathead  lake  on  the  west  side 
and  at  Fish  creek  east  of  the 
range,  with  expanse  of  wings 
52-55  mm. 

Early  Stages — Egg  .06  inch 
long,  narrow,  fusform,  ribbed 
lengthwise,  crossed  by  numer- 
ous striae;  color  buff-white 
when  deposited,  changing  to 
crimson,  then  to  black;  mature 
larva  from  1.1-1.2  inches,  26-28 
mm.  in  length,  dark  green,  with 

F,e/35.     Euryn-usenrytheme,  albino,  fer  b&nd    Qf    ^    ^.^    ^    crim. 

son  line;     chrysalis  with  anterior  part  and  wing  cases  dark  green,  abdo- 
men yellow-green;    the  food  plant  is  clover. 

Distribution — The  range  of  eurytheme  is  very  wide.  It  extends  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  from  Canada  to  the  far  south,  though  it  is 
rare  in  the  south.  It  has  been  collected  in  the  state  by  Elrod  at  Flathead 
Lake,  Missoula,  Mission  mountains,  Dodge  Mountain  at  7,400  feet,  and 
Mount  Lo  Lo.  Douglass  has  taken  it  at  *  ish  Creek,  Laurin,  Ruby  moun- 
tains, Tobacco  Root  range,  and  Madison  valley;  Wiley  has  collected  it 
at  Miles  City,  Brandegee  at  Helena  and  Gold  Creek,  and  Cooley  at  Boze- 
man.  It  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  and  will  be  one  of  the  first 
specimens  captured  by  the  young  entomologist.  The  reader  is  referred 
to  "Remarks"  under  philodice.  Coubeaux  says  form  eriphyle  is  very 
common  near  Big  Sandy.  Allen  has  taken  eriphye,  ariadne  and  keeway- 
den  at  Dillon.  Coues  collected  keewayden  and  eriphyle  along  the  the  49th 
parallel  in  1874. 


40  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE  ALEXANDRA  SULPHUR. 
Eurymus  alexandra,  Edwards,  Fig.  36. 


Fig.  36  Eurymus  alexandra,  female  with  expanded  wings;  male 
showing  unuer  side.  From  specimens  taken  at  Bigfork. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings  of  females  2-2.3  inches,  50-60  mm.;  of 
males,  1.75  inches,  45  mm.  Male  pale  canary  yellow,  the  black  border 
much  narrower  than  in  philodice  or  eurytheme;  a  fine  yellow  line 
borders  the  black  on  outer  margin;  base  of  wings,  thorax  and  abdomen 
with  considerable  black;  anterior  of  thorax,  antennae  and  legs  roseate; 
under  side  of  fore  wings  much  paler  than  upper,  uniform;  under  side  of 
hind  wings  pale  greenish  gray,  sprinkled  with  black  scales;  discal  cell 
of  hind  wing  silver,  without  rings;  black  border  above  showing  through 
wing  from  below.  Female  larger  than  male,  without  black  border  above; 
sometimes  the  apex  of  fore  wings  is  sprinkled  with  black,  giving  indica- 
tions of  markings;  wings  paler  than  in  male,  sometimes  almost  white; 
discal  spot  in  fore  wings  black,  oval,  sometimes  with  yellow  splash  in 
the  middle;  on  hind  wing  orange  yellow,  usually  double;  under  side, 
silvery  gray,  yellow  only  at  the  base  and  on  inner  margin  of  the  prim- 
aries; discal  spot  of  hind  wings  silvery,  with  brown  margin.  Discal  spot 
of  fore  wing  dark  brown  with  light  spot  in  center;  the  roseate  of  the 
male  repeated  on  the  female,  continuing  around  the  outer  border  of  the 
wings. 

Early  Stages — Caterpillar  uniformly  yellowish-green,  with  a  white 
band  on  each  side,  broken  with  orange  dashes  running  through  it.  The 
chrysalis  resembles  that  of  philodice,  is  yellowinsh  green,  darkest  on  the 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  41 

dorsal  side,  and  adorned  with  three  small  red  dots  on  the  central  side 
of  the  abdomen  near  the  wing  cases.  The  caterpillar  eats  Astragalus, 
Thermopsis  and  white  clover. 

Distribution — The  species  is  found  in  Colorado  and  the  Mountain 
region  to  the  north  and  west  of  that  state.  In  Montana  it  has  been  taken 
at  the  University  of  Montana  Biological  Station  at  Bigfork,  in  1903,  at 
Flathead  lake.  It  is  not  common,  and  is  rather  difficult  to  catch,  as  it 
keeps  to  the  bushes  and  does  not  rest  often.  Brandegee  has  collected  it 
at  Alhambra.  A  single  frazzled  and  battered  female  was  taken  by  Elrod 
on  MacDaugal  Peak  in  the  Swan  range  at  6,500  feet  August  4,  1903,  and 
another  August  1,  1904. 

SCUDDER'S   SULPHUR. 
Eurymus  scudderi,  Reakirt. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.80  to  2.00  inches,  45  to  50  mm.  Similar  to- 
alexandra.  The  male  on  tae  upper  side  is  colored  like  C.  pholidice,  but 
the  black  borders  are  much  wider.  The  fringes  are  rosy.  The  female 
is  generally  white — very  rarely  slightly  yellow — with  very  pale  dark  bor- 
ders, or  often  without  any  trace  of  black  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  wings. 
On  the  under  side  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings  and  the  entire  surface  of 
the  hind  wings  are  greenish  gray.  The  discal  spot  of  the  secondaries  is 
well  silvered  and  margined  with  pale  red. 

Early  Stages — The  larva  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  huckleberry  and 
willow.  Otherwise  it  is  unknown. 

Distribution — The  species  is  found  in  Montana,  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
British  Columbia.  Wilsey's  collection  contains  one  specimen  from  Miles 
City.  We  have  not  taken  it  west  of  the  range. 

STRECKER'S  SULPHUR. 
Eurymus  meadii,  Edwards,  var  elis  Strecker.     Plate   IV  and   Fig.  37. 


Fig.  37.  Eurymus  meadii,  var.  elis,  left  hand,  female;    right  hand,  male. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings  1.85  inches,  48  mm.  Male;  deep  orange 
red  above,  with  wide  black  border  fringed  with  red;  wing  veins  in  both 
wings  showing  through  black;  black  border  covering  outer  third  of  fore 
wings,  a  little  less  of  hind  wings;  fore  wings  black  at  base,  extending  to 
hinder  angle  of  wings  as  a  widening  wash,  ending  in  black  scales  over  the 
orange  ground;  posterior  edge  of  the  hind  wings  with  greenish  gray 


42  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

from  2  to  5  mm.  wide,  bordered  exteriorly  by  the  black  border  above 
showing  through;  discal  spots  above  deeper  orange  than  ground  color; 
below,  discal  spot  on  fore  wings  small,  dark  brown,  on  hind  wings  light 
silver  with  red  border;  legs,  antennae,  anterior  of  thorax,  hairs  of  head 
and  fringe  deep  rose  red;  sometimes  the  outer  anterior  angle  of  the  fore 
wings  and  the  posterior  angle  of  the  hind  wings  above  and  below 
suffused  with  deep  red.  Female,  similar  in  general  color  to  male,  less 
pronounced,  and  if  anything,  lighter;  discal  spot  on  anterior  wings 
black,  showing  through  on  under  side;  discal  spot  on  hind  wings  similar 
to  male;  less  black  at  base  of  wings,  posterior  edge  of  lighter  color  than 
in  male;  black  border  not  so  wide  as  in  male,  with  dashes  of  much  lighter 
orange  than  ground  color;  dashes  suffused  at  anterior  angle  of  hind 
wing;  under  side  as  in  male;  rose  red  antennae,  thorax,  head,  legs,  and 
fringe  as  in  male. 

Early  Stages — Holland  says  "closely  resembling  those  of  meadii,  of 
which  it  may  be  only  a  varietal  form. 

Distribution — It  is  recorded  as  inhabiting  the  lofty  peaks  of  the 
Western  Cordilleras.  It  has  been  taken  by  Douglass  at  Fish  Creek, 
August  16,  1900,  and  in  the  Tobacco  Root  Range  July  14,  1900. 

Remarks — It  differs  materially  from  the  meadii  in  the  writer's  col- 
lection taken  at  Pike's  Peak  in  1892.  Elis  as  described  above  from  Mon- 
tana is  larger  in  both  sexes  than  meadii,  has  much  less  green,  and  with 
decidedly  different  washings  of  orange  on  the  borders  of  the  wings  of  the 
female.  This  female  meadii  has  much  more  red  in  the  ground  color  than 
in  elis.  The  meadii  were  taken  at  12,000  feet  and  elis  at  about  8,000 
which  would  of  course  make  some  difference.  We  have  taken  neither 
meadii  nor  elis  west  of  the  main  range. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  43 


Collecting  Butterflies  at  High  Altitudes  in  the  Andes. 


While  forming  these  collections  I  was  led  to  remark  the  frequency 
with  which  closely  similar  forms  recurred  at  similar  altitudes,  upon 
mountains  often  long  distances  apart.  This  was  observed  in  regard  to 
things  living  in  the  soil,  as  well  as  in  respect  to  winged  insects  of  roving 
habits.  It  was  not  unusual  to  see  butterflies,  at  closely  similar  altitudes 
upon  widely  separated  mountains.  This  was  the  case  with  a  Lycaena 
that  has  not  been  described  which  was  taken  at  11-12,500  feet  on 
Pichincha  and  thirty-six  miles  away  at  12,000  feet  on  Colocachi,  and  was 
not  seen  elsewhere.  But,  for  the  most  part,  butterflies  which  were  taken 
at  considerable  elevations  were  also  found  on  the  connecting,  lower 
ground.  Thus  Pieris  xanthodice,  Lucas,  though  captured  so  high  as 
14,000  and  15,000  feet,  was  found  everywhere  in  the  intervening  basins; 
and  as,  even  had  this  not  been  so,  it  would  need  little  effort  for  them  to 
pass  from  one  mountain  to  another,  and  further  as  they  may  sometimes 
suffer  involuntary  transportation,  no  particular  stress  can  be  laid  upon 
such  instances  of  occasional  recurrence  at  similar  elevations. 

One  Butterfly,  however,  was  exceptional  in  being  found  upon  nearly 
all  the  mountains  visited,  in  numbers,  and  seemed  to  be  established  be- 
tween the  elevations  12,000 — 16,000  feet.  This  is  described  by  Messrs. 
Goodman  &  Salvin,  at  p.  107  of  the  Supplementary  Appendix,  as  Colias 
alticola.  It  was  first  obtained  near  Tortorillas,  Chimboraza  (13,000  feet), 
and  was  seen  in  the  Vallon  de  Carrel  as  high  as  16,000  feet.  When  we 
were  camped  upon  Antisana  it  attracted  attention  by  the  great  elevation 
above  the  level  of  the  sea  at  which  it  was  flying  (16,000  feet).  It  was 
seen  subquently  upon  all  the  mountains  we  visited  (except  Sara-urcu) 
between  the  elevations  of  12-15,000  feet,  and  was  captured  at  12,000  feet 
on  Pichincha,  on  13,000  feet  on  Cayambe,  and  at  15,000  feet  on  the 
western  side  of  Chimborazo,  and  was  never  either  taken  or  seen  in  the 
basins  between  these  mountains. 

Whymper  in  "Travels  Amongst  the  Great  Anies  of  f~e  Equator." 


44  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Family  NYMPHALIDAE. 
The  Brush-Footed  Butterflies. 


Fig.  38.     Venation  of  Nymphalidae,  Argynnis  leto. 

The  family  includes  chiefly  butterflies  of  medium  or  large  size;  but 
a  few  of  the  species  are  small.  With  a  single  exception,  these  butterflies 
differ  from  all  others  in  our  fauna,  in  having  the  fore  legs  greatly  reduced 
in  size  in  both  sexes.  They  cannot  be  used  for  walking,  but  are  folded  on 
the  breast  like  a  tippet. 

In  the  venation  of  the  wings  all  of  the  branches  of  the  radius  of  the 
fore  wings  are  retained,  this  vein  being  five  branched.  (Fig.  38). 

The  caterpillars  are,  in  most  of  the  sub-families,  provided  with  horny 
or  fleshy  projections.  The  chrysalids  are  usually  angular,  sometimes 
rounded.  They  always  hang  head  downwards,  supported  only  by  the 
tail,  which  is  fastened  to  a  button  of  silk. 

Five  sub-families  are  represented  in  the  United  States,  but  three  of 
the  five  in  Montana.  The  following  key  will  serve  to  separate  them. 

FAMILY   NYMPHALIDAE. 
Key  to  Sub-families. 

1.  With  some  of  the  veins  greatly  swollen  at  the  base 

Agapetinae  P.  105 
with  none  of  the  veins  of  fore  wing  usually  swollen  at  the  base     2. 

2.  Antennae  clothed  with  scales,  at  least  above,  3. 

antennae  naked  Euploeinae.     P.  44 

3.  Fore  wings  at  least  twice  as  long  as  broad  Heliconinae 

Fore  wings  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad  4. 

4.  Papli  much  longer  than  thorax  Libytheinae 

Palpi  not  as  long  as  the  tnorax  Nyrnphalinae.      P.  50 

SUBFAMILY   EUPLOEINAE. 

Butterfly — Large  butterflies;  head  large,  antennae  inserted  on  the 
summit,  naked.  The  wings  are  rounded  and  somewhat  elongated. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


4.-, 


Egg — The  eggs  are  ovate,  conical,  broadly  flattened  at  the  base  and 
slightly  truncated  at  the  top. 

Caterpillar — On  emerging  from  the  chrysalis,  the  head  is  not  larger 
than  the  body.  The  body  has  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  each  segment. 
On  reaching  maturity  the  head  is  small,  the  body  large. 

Chrysalis — It  is  re'.atively  short  and  thick,  rounded,  w.'th  v?r;-  few 
projections. 

Key  to  Genera. 

Palpi  remote,  not  extending  much  beyond  the  head;  discal  cell  of 
hind  wings  closed ;  a  black  spot  on  vein  of  hind  wings  of  male.  Anosia 

Genus  ANOSIA,  Hubner. 

Butterfly — Large  seized,  fore  wings  greatly  produced  at  the  apex. 
Egg — The  egg  is  ovate  conical,  ribbed  with  many  cross-lines.       The 
eggs  are  pale  green  in  color. 

Caterpillar — Cylindrical,  fleshy,  transversely  wrinkled,  with  long, 
slender  filaments. 

Key  to  Species. 

Color  fulvous;  veins  black  plexippus 

THE   MONARCH    BUTTERFLY,   Anosia   plexippus   !_.,  Fig.   39. 


Fig.  39.     Anosia  plexippus,  From  water  color  by  Mrs.  Edith  Ricker. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings  3.75-4.5  in.,  9G — 114  m  m.  Upper  sur- 
face tawny  red  or  fulvous,  with  the  veins  heavily  marked  with  black,  a 
black  terminal  border  containing  two  rows  of  white  spots,  a  complete 
and  partial  row  of  white  or  lighter  fulvous  spots  in  a  black  space  beyond 
the  cell  of  the  fore  wings.  The  males  have  the  wings  less  broadly  bor- 


46  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

dered  with  black  than  the  females,  and  on  the  first  median  nervule  of  the 
hind  wings  there  is  a  black  scent-pouch.  Body  black  with  white  spots. 

Early  Stages — When  first  deposited  the  eggs  are  white,  but  in  two 
or  three  days  turn  yellow,  just  before  hatching  change  to  dull  gray.  Some- 
what conical  in  form,  and  marked  by  twenty-five  ribs  with  the  same  num- 
ber of  transverse  ridges.  The  young  larva  is  yellowish  white,  with  a 
large  black  head.  The  mature  larva  is  about  1.75  in.,  45  mm.  long; 
the  head  yellowish  marked  by  two  triangular  black  stripes.  The  body  is 
marked  with  transverse  stripes  of  black,  yellow,  and  white.  It  is  fur- 
nished with  black  fleshy  thread-like  appendages. 

Chrysalis — About  25  mm.  long,  pale  green,  spotted  with  gold.  There 
are  two  or  more  broods  in  a  season. 

Distribution— United  States  generally.  The  collection  of  the  U.  of 
M.  contains  specimens  from  Missoula,  the  Ruby  Mountains,  and  Miles  City. 
Collected  by  Coues  along  the  49th  parallel  in  1874. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  47 


The  Seasonal  Migration  of  Anosia  Plexippus. 


The  range  of  Anosia  plexippus  is  from  Patagonia  to  Hudson  Bay. 
It  has  not  been  found  in  hibernation  and,  considering  its  size  and  con- 
spicuous coloring,  it  may  well  be  said  that  it  does  not  pass  the  winter 
North  of  latitude  31  degrees.  A  careful  study  of  its  range,  time  of 
appearance,  and  habits,  shows  unquestionably  that  there  is  a  seasonal 
migration  of  this  very  interesting  form. 

Riley  first  suggested  these  movements,  when  state  entomologist  of 
Missouri,  in  the  following  words:  "There  is  a  southward  migration  late 
in  the  growing  season,  in  congregated  masses,  and  a  northward  disp?r- 
sion  early  in  the  season,  through  isolated  individuals." 

The  more  evident  movement  is  in  the  fall,  when  in  the  Mississippi 
valley  and  along  the  Atlantic  Coast,  the  September  air  seems  to  be  full 
of  brown  butterflies,  usually  apparently  taking  advantage  of  the  cooler 
winds  from  the  North,  though  many  times  bravely  beating  into  the  winds 
with  a  very  strong  flight  for  a  butterfly.  The  Aster  patches  growing 
along  the  roadside  and  in  neglected  fields  seem  to  be  the  favorite  places 
of  assembly.  At  such  times  a  zoology  class  has  no  difficulty  in  provid- 
ing themselves  with  material.  In  fact  an  active  boy  with  a  net  can 
catch  them  by  the  hundred  in  one  afternoon. 

The  collecting  together  of  siich  numbers  was  formerly  accounted  for 
by  the  presence  of  plenty  of  food.  This  alone  seams  inadequate,  since 
many  fields,  equally  inviting,  will  contain  a  normal  population.  It  seems 
likely  that  a  swarm  may  busy  themselves  in  this  way  in  the  fields,  await- 
ing favorable  winds.  We  must  pause  to  consider  the  probable  absence  of 
initiative  on  the  part  of  the  insect.  It  is  more  likely  influenced  by  the 
temperature,  the  North  wind  being  the  cooler,  and,  for  seme  reason  not 
explained,  awakening  in  the  insect  the  dormant  instinct  of  migration. 

An  instance  of  the  gathering  of  thousands  of  Anosia  in  one  tree 
and  the  fact  that  they  remained  there  with  occasicnal  short  excursicns, 
until  a  change  of  wind  and  temperature,  was  noted  in  Bu  lingtor,  lo  ^  a, 
the  last  week  of  September,  1905.  The  f:ct  that  these  insects  alight 
on  trees  in  such  swarms  as  to  give  the'r  color  to  the  tree,  his  been  cfcen 
recorded.  Tnis  is  not  the  only  evidence  of  their  flocking.  There  is  the 
best  of  authority  for  stories  of  southward  migration.  Some  have  re- 
ported clouds  so  dense  as  to  at  times  cast  a  shadow.  Dr.  Scudder  le- 
lates  a  flight  on  September  2,  in  New  Hampshire,  when  the  southward 
flight  of  a  swarm  was  observed  by  himself.  He  states  that  they 
stretched  out  in  a  thin  stream  that  occupied  hours  in  passing.  He  esti- 
mated that  in  a  limited  field  in  front  of  him,  they  were  passing  at  the 
rate  of  1,500  per  hour.  It  is  little  wonder  that  they  are  said  to  fill  a 
tree,  bending  the  twigs  to  breaking  with  their  weight.  Granting  that 
these  accounts  of  large  numbers  of  Anosia  in  one  swarm  are  exceptional, 
we  can  see  that  spread  over  this  broad  land  there  must  be  countless  mil- 
lions moving  southward  every  autumn.  What  advantage,  if  any,  is 
gained  in  the  association  of  these  insects  in  swarms,  is  not  easily  dis- 
cerned. 


48  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

The  fact  of  Northward  movement  in  the  spring  is  not  so  easily  estab- 
lished. As  before  stated  the  Anosia  is  not  reported  to  have  been  found 
North  of  latitude  31  degrees  in  the  winter.  When  Spring  opens  nsither 
the  egg,  pupa  or  adult  is  to  be  found.  The  milkweed  is  a  foot  high  in 
Iowa  and  much  good  fodder  is  awaiting  the  larvae,  before  the  adult  makes 
its  appearance,  and  lays  eggs  on  the  tender  unfolding  leaves  near  the  tip 
of  the  growing  plant.  Some  say  that  the  appearance  is  not  that  of  a 
tattered  "left  over,"  as  is  usually  the  case  with  hibernating  species.  They 
appear  as  a  whole  to  be  a  fresher  and  newer  lot;  though  I  have  seen 
some  that  looked  a  good  deal  the  worse  for  wear  rather  early  in  the  sea- 
son. There  seems  little  doubt,  however,  that  the  new  arrivals  have  not 
hatched  in  our  region,  since  there  has  been  no  opportunity  for  larvae 
to  develop  and  pupate.  It  seems  more  probable  that  they  are  the  spring 
brood  from  an  earlier  season  in  the  south.  We  must  not,  however,  con- 
luse  them  wuh  those  that  disappeared  in  that  direction  last  fall. 

In  Southern  Iowa  it  seems  probable  that  the  eggs  laid  by  the  first 
arrivals  produce  a  new  brood  in  July.  These  in  turn  produce  the  brood 
that  soon  after  arriving  at  maturity  southward.  We  seem  to  have 
two  broods;  while  New  England  and  northern  climes  have  one  only,  and 
that  one,  from  the  eggs  of  the  first  brood  hatched  in  our  latitude.  The 
northward  migration  is  continued  to  Hudson  Bay  and  north  of  the  range 
of  the  food  plant  of  the  larvae;  a  significant  fact,  in  itself,  proving  the 
migration  of  the  species.  The  northern  boundary  of  the  food  plant  limits 
the  adult  of  other  species  sharply.  This  is  noticeably  the  case  with 
Papilio  ajax  in  southern  Iowa,  where  a  species  very  abundant  south  of 
us  is  limited  by  the  food  plant,  the  Pawpaw,  which  disappears  near  the 
40th  parallel. 

There  are  several  known  peculiarities  of  this  insect  that  especially 
fit  it  for  this  sort  of  a  life.  The  well  known  immunity  from  molestation 
by  insectivorous  birds,  the  comparatively  long  intervals  between  oviposi- 
tion,  enable  a  butterfly  of  this  species  to  scatter  its  progeny  over  a  great 
territory,  since  but  one  egg  is  laid  in  a  place.  The  slow  northward 
movement  of  the  season  in  spring  allows  time  for  additional  broods  fur- 
ther South.  The  adults  that  first  arrive  here  in  the  spring  are  sup- 
posed to  be  from  larvae  grown  several  hundred  miles  to  the  southward, 
where  there  may  be  four  or  more  broods  in  one  season.  This  north- 
ward movement  may  therefore  be  considered  a  sort  of  a  relay  race.  The 
returning  hosts  contain  none  of  the  brood  that  came  northward,  since  the 
life  of  an  insect  after  final  oviposition  is  usually  short  and  its  excuse  for 
existence  has  expired. 

Granting  that  the  seasonal  migration  of  this  butterfly  is  established, 
we  may  say  that  this  is  merely  another  way  in  which  nature  replenishes 
the  earth  after  the  life  destroying  frosts  of  winter,  so  fatal  to  insect  life. 
Hibernation  has  its  advantages,  and  does  not  call  for  so  complex  an  adap- 
tation. Why  Anosia  has  this  different  means  of  preservation  is  as  much 
a  puzzle  as  ever.  This  illustrates  anew  a  striking  observation  by  Mr. 
Frank  Springer,  the  paleontologist,  when  sepaking  of  the  marvelous, 
perfection  to  which  an  organism  may  be  brought  through  a  period  of 
development,  only  to  be  apparently  discarded  and  the  whole  problem 
worked  out  in  an  entirely  different  way  in  succeeding  forms.  He  says 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  49 

that  "it  seems  as  though  Nature  delights  to  show  in  how  many  different 
ways  the  same  result  can  be  accomplished."  In  this  case,  it  seems  as 
though  the  combination  of  the  striking  adaptations  of  Anosia  have  made 
it  second  only  to  the  Pieris  rapae,  or  "cabbage  butterfly",  in  numbers 
and  distribution  over  the  earth. 

In  recent  times  this  insect  has  spread  to  Australia,  and  from  there 
to  all  the  East  Indies  and  the  Philippines.  It  is  captured  in  Europe 
with  increasing  frequency,  and  will  doubtless  be  as  successful  in  the  old 
world  as  in  the  new.  It  is  a  harmless  species  and  will  not  prove  as  un- 
welcome as  has  the  little  white  pest  in  this  country.  We  may  wish  it 
success  in  its  efforts  to  colonize  the  East,  and  fear  no  reports  of  mis- 
behavior to  discredit  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  New  World  ex- 
pansion. As  a  rule  we  have  given  them  few  plants  and  animals  that 
have  merited  their  disapproval.  The  Phylloxera  is  a  notable  exception, 
since  it  threatens  the  vinyards  of  the  Old  World.  On  the  other  hand 
you  can  hardly  name  a  weed  or  obnoxious  animal  in  this  hemisphere  that 
iias  not  been  imported  to  our  country.  At  all  events  the  behavior  of 
Anosia  will  be  watched  in  the  Old  World  with  a  growing  interest  to  see 
if  it  will  there  develop  any  new  and  interesting  traits. 

MAURICE  RICKER. 
Burlington,  Iowa,  September,  1905. 


50  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


SUBFAMILY  NYMPHALINAE. 

The  Nymphs. 

Butteryfly — The  butterflies  of  this  subfamily  are  mainly  of  moderate 
or  large  size,  though  some  of  the  genera  contain  quite  small  species.  The 
antennae  are  always  more  or  less  heavily  clothed  with  scales,  and  are 
usually  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  and  in  a  few  cases  even  longer. 

It  is  impossible  to  briefly  describe  these  butterflies  because  they  vary 
so  much.      It  is  the  largest  of  the  subfamilies. 
Key  to  Genera. 

1.  Palpi  nearly  connivent,  porrect  2. 

2.  Eyes  naked  3. 

Eyes  hairy  13. 

3.  Club  of  antennae  short,  ovoid,  usually  flattened  in  dry  specimens        4. 

Club  of  antennae  obconic  or  generally  terminating  in  a  knob.        12. 

4.  Outer  margin  of  fore  wings  sinnous. 

4a.     Upper  surface  with  eye  spots,  Euptoieta,  P.  51 

Upper  surface  without  eye  spots,  Speyeria,  P.  52 

Outer  margin  of  fore  wings  not  sinnous  5. 

5.  Large  or  medium  size;  cell  in  secondaries  closed  or  open  6. 

Small  cell  in  secondaries  open  10. 

G.     Color  of  both  wings  fulvous,  with  silver  spots  7. 

Fore  wings  fulvous,  hind  wings  black  Semnopsyche. 

Color  of  both  wings  fulvous,  without  silver  spots  9. 

7.  Two  innermost  sub-costal  nervules  arise  before  or  at  the  end  of  the 

cell  8. 

8.  Branch  to  the  median  vein  of  the  front  wings  Argynnis,  P.  54 

No  branch  10  the  median  vein  of  the  front  wings  9. 

9.  Only  one  sub-costal  nervule  vein  arises  before  or  at  the  end  of  the  cell 

Brenthis,  P.  G9 

10.  General  color  fulvous  or  black  Lemonias,  P.  72 

General  color  lulvous,  with   a   prominent  black  border;     no   silver 
spots  on  the  under  side  11. 

11.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  brownish  or  brownish  yellow 

Phyciodes,  P.  78 

12.  Hind  wings   not  tailed;    ground   color  black,   fulvous  or   mahogany 

brown  Basilarchia,  P.  i02 

13.  A  golden  or  silver  spot  on  under  side  of  hind  wings      Polygonia,  P.  84 

No  golden  or  silver  spot  on  under  side  of  hind  wings  14. 

14.  Apex  of  fore  wings  somewhat  truncate,  the  angles  rounded 

Vanessa,  P.  98 
Apex  of  fore  wings  distinctly  truncate,  the  angles  sharp  15. 

15.  Ground  color  deep  fulvous  or  brown;  black  bar  across  the  cell  of  fore 

wing;  black  border  or  submarginal  band  Eugonia,  P.  90 

Ground  color  maroon  brown,  out  margin  yellow,  supplemented  by  a 
row  of  blue  spots  Euvanessa,  P.  96 

Ground  color  brown,  submarginal  band  fulvous  Aglais,  P.  97 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  51 

THE  VARIEGATED  FRITILLARY,  Euptoieta  Claudia,  Cramer. 
Fig.  40. 


Fig.   40.     Euptoieta   claudia,  from   Miles   City,  showing  upper  and   lower 
surfaces. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings  from  1.75  to  2.75  inches,  45-70  mm.  Upper 
side  of  both  wings  fulvous  or  dull  ferruginous,  darker  toward  the  base, 
crossed  by  an  irregular  black  median  line,  which  is  darker,  broader,  and 
more  zigzag  on  the  fore  wing  than  on  the  hind  wing.  This  line  is  fol- 
lowed outwardly  on  both  wings  by  a  pair  of  more  or  less  blackish  spots. 
The  outer' margin  is  black,  fringes  pale  fulvous,  checkered  with  black  at 
the  end  of  each  nervule.  At  the  end  of  the  cell  in  the  fore  wing  there 
are  two  black  lines  inclosing  paler  fulvous  spots,  and  both  wings  near 
the  base  have  some  curved  black  lines. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous  to  the  zigzag  line,  with  discal  pale 
spot.  The  outer  half  of  the  wing  is  pale,  with  a  little  submarginal  red- 
dish wash  below  the  apex,  and  a  large  gray  triangle  on  the  costa.  A 
brown  spot  near  the  posterior  angle  sends  a  marginal  streak  toward  the 
apex. 

The  hind  wings  are  pale  brown  in  the  basal  half,  streaked  with  white 
along  the  veins,  and  with  transverse  striae  of  darker  brown.  Beyond 
the  middle  they  are  whitish,  shading  off  into  the  same  brown  as  the  base, 
with  more  or  less  whitish  along  the  margin,  the  anal  portion  of  the  outer 
half  being  nearly  as  dark  as  the  base,  while  the  costal  portion  is  almost 
white.  There  are  about  three  indistinct  marginal  ocelli. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  conoidal,  depressed  at  top,  flat  at  base 
marked  by  about  twenty  longitudinal  ribs,  half  of  which  reach  the  sum- 
mit. Mature  larva  is  1.2  inches,  28  mm.,  cylindrical,  of  an  orange  ochre 
color,  smooth,  striped  longitudinally  with  black,  which  is  almost  con- 
cealed by  the  white  spots  that  cover  it.  The  chysalis  is  .8  inch,  21  mm. 
long,  pearl  white,  irridescent,  marked  with  dark  brown  patches  and  points, 
On  the  abdomen  there  are  four  rows  of  conical  tubercles.  There  are 
two  or  three  broods  during  a  season,  the  last  one  probably  hibernating  in 
the  larval  state.  It  feeds  on  violet,  passion  flower,  mandrake,  Sedum, 
Desmodium,  and  Portulaca. 


52  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Distribution — The  species  has  been  taken  as  far  north  as  Long  Island 
and  Connecticut,  though  it  is  a  rare  visitor  in  New  England;  ft  is  quite 
common  in  Virginia  and  thence  southward,  and  occurs  not  -infrequently 
in  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  ranging  westward  and  southward  over 
the  entire  continent  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  thence  extending  over 
the  South  American  Continent,  wherever  favorable  conditions  occur. 

In  Montana  it  has  been  taken  by  Cooley  at  Forsyth  and  in  GSllatin 
County,  and  by  Wiley  at  Miles  City.  At  the  latter  place  it  is  common, 
but  averaging  smaller  in  size.  The  species  seems  to  be  confined  to  the 
Great  Plains  region  of  the  state,  although  later  collections  may  show  it 
farther  west  than  it  seems  from  present  records  to  be. 

THE  REGAL  FRITILLARY. 
Speyeria  idalia,  Drury.     Fig.  41. 


Fig.  11.     Speyeria   idalia,  Drury. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings  from  2.75 — 3.C  inches,  70-90  mm. 

Male.  Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  black  along  the  costa, 
with  a  black  outer  border  which  is  a  little  wider  than  the  costal  border; 
base  and  hind  margin  brown;  three  black  bars  in  cell,  another  bar  at  the 
end  with  an  open  S  united  to  it  enclosing  a  fulvous  spot;  beyond  the  cell 
runs  a  transverse  zigzag  line,  a  submarginal  row  of  black  dots,  and  next 
the  border  a  row  of  black  crescents.  Hind  wings  black,  with  violet  re- 
flections; base  of  wings  washed  with  fulvous;  a  black  spot  in  cell,  an 
irregular  row  of  yellowish  spots  beyond  cell,  and  a  marginal  row  of  ful- 
vous spots;  fringes  alternate  spots  of  black  and  white.  Under  side  of 
fore  wings  fulvous,  white  along  the  costa,  a  marginal  row  of  silver  spots 
enclosed  in  black  crescents,  and  some  silver  on  the  costa  near  the  apex; 
black  of  upper  side  repeated;  under  side  of  hind  wings  yellowish  brown, 
with  twenty-nine  silver  spots  and  patches,  besides  some  silver  shading. 

Female  differs  from  male  in  being  larger,  with  broader  terminal  band, 
which  contains  a  row  of  white  spots,  witn  six  or  more  white  spots  near 
the  apex,  the  outer  row  of  spots  on  the  hind  wings  of  same  color  as  the 
inner. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  53 

Early  Stages — Egg  conoidal,  truncated,  rounded  at  base,  marked  ver- 
tically with  eighteen  ribs.  Larva  hatches  in  about  twenty-five  days.  Larva 
at  maturity  1.75  in.,  45  mm.,  long,  velvety  black,  banded  and  striped  with 
ochre  yellow  changing  to  dull  orange  or  red,  and  furnished  with  six 
rows  of  fleshy  spines,  each  with  several  black  bristles;  head  red  above 
and  black  beneath.  Chysalis  an  inch  long,  brown  and  yellow  on  ab- 
domen, remainder  pinkish  brown  or  brown.  The  larva  feeds  on  violets. 

Geographical  Distribution— Wiley  has  collected  it  at  Miles  City.  It 
is  not  reported  from  other  places,  and  the  Wiley  collection  has  but  a 
single  specimen.  It  is  reported  as  common  from  Maine  to  Nebraska.  It  is 
to  be  expected  the  species  would  be  found  in  the  eastern  end  of  the  state. 
In  the  eastern  states  it  is  rather  local,  and  frequents  open  spots  on  the 
borders  of  woodlands.  At  times  it  is  apparently  common,  and  then  for  a 
succession  of  seasons  is  scarce.  It  flies  from  the  end  of  June  to  the  be- 
ginning of  September. 


54  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


THE  FRITILLARIES,  THE  SILVER  SPOTS,  THE  ARGYNNIDS. 
Genus  Argynnis.     Key  to  Species. 

1.  Under  side  of  wings  with  silver  spots  2. 

Under  side  of  wings  without  silver  spots  6. 

2.  Basal   half  of  wings  fulvous   brown,     strong     colored     sub-marginal 

band  leto,  P.  5G 

Less  than  half  the  wings  brown  3. 

3.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a  light  sub-marginal  band  5. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  without  a  light  sub-marginal  band  4. 

4.  Under  side  hind  wings  brown  aphrodite,  P.  57 

Under  side  hind  wings  olive  green  9. 

5.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  light  brown  aphrodite,  P.  57 

Under  side  hind  wings  maroon  atlantis,  P.  63 

Under  side  apex  fore  wings  buff,  base  pale  cinnamon  red 

electa,  P.  63 
Under  side  hind  wings  apex  buff,  mottled  with  green 

eurynome,  P.  64 
Under  side  hind  wings  basal  two-thirds  reddish  brown,  size  large, 

cybele,  P.  54 

Under  side  hind  wings  deeply  ferruginous  bremneri,  P.  62 

Under  side  hind  wings  dark  reddish  brown  rhodope,  P.  62 

6.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  ferruginous  7. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  greenish  8. 

7.  Spots  yellowish  white  hesperis,  P.  61 

8.  Spots  dull  green,  eurynome,  var.  artonis,  P.  65 

Spots  dull  green  ,dark  at  outer  edge,  eurynome,  var.  clio,  P.  65 

9.  Under  side  hind  wings  olige  green 

Ground  color  green,  spots  large  edwardsii,  P.  59 

uround  color  yellow  and  buff  nevadensis,  P.  GO 

THE  GREAT  SPANGLED  FRITILLARY. 

Argynnis  cybele,  Fabricius,  Fig.  42. 

Butterfly — The  expanse  of  wings  of  specimens  in  the  eastern  states. 
is  from  3  to  4  inches,  or  76  to  102  mm.  Upper  surface  fulvous  or  yel- 
lowish brown,  more  yellowish  in  the  male  than  in  the  female.  In  the  cell 
of  the  fore  wings  five  black  bars,  except  in  the  fourth  bent  outward  in  the 
lower  half,  the  two  outer  united  above.  Beyond  the  cell  are  the  usual 
zigzag  black  line  and  the  subterminal  row  of  dots,  the  middle  ones  of  the 
fore  wings  the  largest.  Just  within  the  outer  margin  is  a  termnial 
narrow  line,  and  within  this,  and  on  the  fore  wings  with  their  points  rest- 
ing on  this  line,  is  a  row  of  crescents;  the  fore  wings  edged  with  the 
same  color.  The  cell  of  the  hind  wing  with  three  more  or  less  distinct 
bars. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  pale  yellowish  brown,  the  apical  space  yel- 
lowish and  enclosing  a  bright  brown  costal  patch;  the  lines  and  dots  the 
same  as  above,  but  near  the  apex  more  brown.  The  apical  five  or  six 
of  the  spaces  enclosed  within  the  submarginal  crescents  are  wholly  or 
partly  silver,  with  three  silver  patches  within  this  line. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


55 


The  hind  wings  have  the  basal  two-thirds  reddish  brown  more  or 
less  mottled  with  yellow,  the  outer  boundary  of  this  color  a  row  of  seven 
silver  spots.  Outer  margin  brown,  fading  into  yellow  at  the  anal  angle, 
and  within  this  another  row  of  seven  large  silver  spots  rounded  within 
and  edged  with  brown.  Between  these  two  rows  is  a  bright  yellow  band 
without  spots. 


Fig.  42.     Argynnis  cybele. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  short,  conoidal,  ribbed  like  those  of  other 
species,  and  honey-yellow.  The  larva  in  mature  state  is  1.8  to  2  inches 
long,  velvety  black,  chocolate-brown  underneath. 
The  body  has  six  rows  of  slender  black  spines, 
generally  ornamented  with  orange  red  at  the 
base,  and  beset  with  many  short  black  bristles. 
The  caterpillar  is  nocturnal,  and  feeds  on  violets. 
It  hibernates  immediately  on  hatching  from  the 
egg,  feeding  to  maturity  the  following  spring. 
The  chrysalis  is  dark  brown,  mottled  with 
reddish  brown  or  slaty  grey. 

Distribution — It  is  from  the  Atlantic  west- 
ward to  Nebraska.  Barber,  1894,  reports  it  from 
the  northwestern  part  of  Nebraska.  It  has  been 
taken  at  Edmonton,  B.  C.,  where  it  was  found 
flying  with  A.  la  is  by  Captain  Gamble  Geddes,  in 
1883.  A  single  specimen  is  in  the  Wiley  collec- 
tion from  Miles  City,  taken  June,  1900.  It  is  a 
A4rgyn^rsn!eto1!  °f  trifle  less  than  three  inches  expanse,  and  placed 
side  by  side  with  specimens  from  Michigan,  Ohio,  and  Illinois  is  indis- 
tinguishable from  them.  It  has  been  taken  at  no  other  place  in  the  state, 
and  only  the  one  specimen  has  been  taken  at  the  present  writing. 


5G 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


THE    LETO    BUTTERFLY. 
Argynnis  leto,   Edwards.     Figs.  38,  43,  44,  45. 


Fig.  44.     Argynnis   leto,  male. 

Butterfly — The  male  on  the  upper  side  is  a  dull  fulvous  with  the 
characteristic  black  markings  of  the  genus;  the  basal  area  is  darker. 
The  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  is  plae  fulvous  upon  which  the  mark- 
ings of  the  upper  side  reappear.  Both  wings  on  the  under  side,  are 
shaded  with  brown  toward  the  base;  the  hind  wings  are  traversed  by  a 
sub-marginal  band  of  light  straw  yellow.  The  female  is  marked  as  the 
male,  but  the  general  color  is  pale  straw  yellow,  and  all  the  darker 
markings  are  deep  blackish  brown,  those  at  the  base  of  both  wings  being 
broad  and  running  into  one  another,  so  that  the  inner  half  of  the  wings 
appear  to  be  broadly  brownish  black.  On  the  under  side  it  is  also  marked 
the  same  as  the  male,  but  with  the  dark  portions  blacker  and  the  lighter 
portions  pale  yellow.  The  marginal  row  of  light  spots  on  the  hind  wings 
appears  on  the  under  side  as  silver  crescents;  there  are  three  rows  of 
silver  spots  on  the  brown  part  of  the  wing.  Expanse  2.50  to  3.25  inches, 
64  to  83  mm. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — It  occurs  in  California,  Oregon  and  Montana.  In  Mon- 
tana it  is  found  on  both  sides  of  the  mountains.  In  the  western  part  it 
is  abundant  about  Flathead  lake.  It  is  a  beautiful  insect,  demanding 
the  attention  of  the  collector,  frequenting  the  more  open  woods,  skirting 
the  bushes  by  the  roadsides,  or  frequenting  the  sunny  open  places  in  the 
woods.  It  has  been  taken,  in  addition  to  that  mentioned,  at  Mount  Lolo, 
Missoula,  the  Mission  Mountains,  and  the  Yellowstone  Park  by  Elrod, 
at  New  Chicago  by  Douglass,  at  Helena  by  Brandegee,  and  at  Miles  City 
by  Elrod.  A  male  was  collected  at  Miles  City  in  July,  1893,  and  a  female 
in  Yellowstone  Park  in  September,  1894,  both  identified  by  Edwards.  It 
is  likely  to  be  found  in  most  parts  of  the  state,  and  will  ornnament  any 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


57 


collection.       Allen  reports  a  female  nokomis  from  Dillon.       I  have  not 
seen  the  specimen,  but  think  it  may  "be  leto. 


Fig.  45.     Argynnis  leto,  female. 

THE  APHRODITE   FRITILLARY. 

Argynnis  aphrodite,  Fabricius.    Figs.  46,  47. 


Fig.  46.     Argynnis  aphrodit8,  var  alcestis,  upper  side. 

Butterfly — Expanse  2.25  to  3  inches,  57-76  mm.  Upper  surface  of 
wings  bright  reddish  fulvous;  the  basal  third  of  both  wings  washed  with 
cinnamon  brown.  The  black  markings  similar  to  cybele  and  leto.  The 
median  zigzag  line  is  often  broken.  The  two  lines  at  the  outer  margin 
of  the  female  are  more  or  less  blended,  and  the  two  are  present  on  the 
hind  wings  of  both  sexes.  The  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  is  pale 
reddish  fulvous,  the  apical  portion  and  along  the  costa  buff,  with  pale 
brown  markings;  six  marginal  and  three  sub-marginal  silver  spots.  The 


58 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


iind  wings  are  cinnamon  brown  with  a  narrow  sub-marginal  band.  The 
silver  spots  are  more  or  less  edged  with  black. 

Early  Stages — The  eggs  are  short,  conoidal,  honey  yellow  and  ribbed. 
The  caterpillar  has  a  velvety  black  spot  at  the  base  of  each  spine,  the 
chrysalis  has  the  tubercles  on  the  back  short,  and  the  basal  segments  are 
partly  colored.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  violets. 

Distribution — It  is  found  in  the  northern  and  middle  western  states. 
Taken  in  the  state  by  Wiley  at  Miles  City,  and  by  Elrod  at  Missoula. 
Cooley  has  one  specimen  from  near  Bozeman  at  4,200  feet,  July  20.  Cou- 
beaux  reports  it  common  in  Bear  Paw  Mountains. 

Var.  alcestis,  Edwards,  Fig.  47,  the  Ruddy  Silver-spot  is  very  much 
like  aphrodite,  but  distinguished  from  it  by  the  fact  that  the  hind  wings 
are  uniformly  dark  cinnamon  brown,  without  any  band  of  buff  on  the 
outer  margin.  It  is  of  the  same  expanse  as  aphrodite.  It  is  said  to 
largely  replace  aphrodite  in  the  western  states.  Indeed,  there  is  likely 
to  be  difficulty  in  separating  alcestis  from  the  true  form  of  aphrodite. 


Fig.  47.     Argynnis  aphrodite,  var.  alcestis,  lower  side. 

Alcestis  has  been  taken  by  Elrod  at  Missoula  and  Flathead  Lake,  by 
Douglass  in  the  Madison  valley.  The  latter  closely  resemble  aphrodite 
from  Miles  City.  By  far  the  greater  number  of  specimens  examined  are 
aphrodite,  and  not  var,  alcestis. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


EDWARDS  FRITILLARY. 
Argynnis  edwardsii   Reakirt,  Fig.  48. 


Fig.  48.     Argynnis  edwardsii,  upper  and  lower  surfaces. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings  2.30-3.00  inches,  55-75  mm.  Ground 
color  pale  fulvous,  but  little  obscured  with  fuscous  at  base;  a  heavy 
black  border  at  base;  at  least  heavier  than  in  nevadensis;  lighter  buff 
than  nevadensis,  under  side  of  hind  wings  with  large  silver  spots,  olive 
brown  color;  the  olivaceous  of  the  wings  encroaches  on  the  marginal 
band.  It  may  be  known  by  its  large  size,  by  the  long  and  pointed  fore 
wings,  and  by  the  great  size  of  the  silver  spots  that  ornament  its  under 
side. 

Distribution — According  to  Holland  the  species  is  not  uncommon  in 
Montana  and  Colorado.  In  Montana  it  has  been  taken  by  Wiley  at  Miles 
City,  Douglass  at  New  Chicago,  and  Fish  Creek.  Collected  by  Coues  in 
1874  on  Chief  Mountain. 

Remarks — Attention  was  called  In  the  introduction  to  specimens 
identified  by  Edwards.  One  specimen  sent  by  Wiley  and  another  by 
Elrod  from  Miles  City  in  different  years  were  identified  respectively  as 
nevadensis  and  edwardsii.  When  placed  side  by  side  they  are  indis- 
tinguishable either  in  size  or  markings.  Larger  specimens  from  low  ele- 
vation are  likely  to  be  called  edwardsii,  smaller  ones  from  higher  eleva- 
tion nevadensis.  We  believe  that  experiments  in  breeding  will  show  the 
two  species  to  be  one. 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE   NEVADA   FRITILLARY. 
Argynnis   nevadensis,   Edwards,   Figs.  49,  50. 


Fig.  49.     Argynnis  nevadensis,  upper  side. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings,  male,  2.50-3.00  inches,  63-75  mm.; 
female,  3.00-3.50  inches,  75-88  mm. 

The  ground  color  is  pale  fulvous,  but  little  obscured  with  fuscous  at 
the  base.  The  outer  margins  are  heavily  bordered  with  black.  The  dark 
markings  of  the  discal  area  are  not  heavy.  The  fore  wings  on  the  under 
side  are  pale  buff,  the  spots  well  slivered;  the  hind  wings  are  greenish; 
the  belt  is  narrow  and  clear,  and  the  spots  are  large  and  well  slivered. 
The  female  is  much  like  the  male,  but  larger  and  paler.  The  outer 
margin  of  the  fore  wings  in  the  female  are  more  heavily  marked  with 
black  and  marginal  spots  are  light  buff  in  color. 

"It  is  allied  to  Edwardsii  in  shape,  and  forms  a  sub-group  with  it. 
It  is  brighter  colored,  smaller  sized,  and  beneath  the  ground  color  is 
yellow  and  buff,  mottled  in  the  male  with  pale  olive-green,  and  in  the 
female  with  darker  buff"  (Edwards). 

Distribution — This  species  is  found  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Utah, 
Nevada,  Montana,  and  British  America.  Specimens  have  been  taken 
from  Tobacco  Root  range  by  Douglass;  Missoula  by  Elrod;  Swan  Range, 
7,600  feet,  by  Elrod;  Lolo  Hot  Springs  by  Elrod;  Mount  Ascension  near 
Helena,  by  Brandegee;  Shields  river,  9,000  feet,  Gallatin  Valley,  East 
Flathead,  Park  county,  by  Cooley.  It  thus  ranges  from  3,200  feet  to  9,000 
feet  altitude.  Collected  by  Coues  in  1874  at  Three  Buttes,  August  8 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


(11 


Fig.  50.     Argynnis  nevadensis,  lower  side. 

THE   HESPERIS   FRITILLARY. 
Argynnis  hesperis,  Edwards.    Fig.  51. 


t-.g.  51.     Argynnis  hesperis,  upper  and  lower  surfaces. 

Butterfly — The  male  on  the  upper  side  of  the  wing?  is  fulvous,  shaded 
with  dark  fuscous  for  a  short  distance  from  the  base.  The  black  spots 
of  the  median  band  are  rather  broad,  and  seem  to  coalesce  through  dark 
markings  along  the  nervules.  The  under  side  of  the  fore  wings  is  pale 
ferruginous,  tinged  with  a  little  buff  at  the  tips.  The  under  side  of  the 
hind  wing  is  dark  ferruginous  with  a  narrow  buff  sub-marginal  band. 
Ground  color  of  the  female  is  paler  than  the  male.  In  neither  are  the 
light  spots  marked  with  silver;  they  are  opaque,  yellowish  white.  Ex- 
panse. 2.25-2.40  inches,  57-61  mm. 

Early  Stages — The  life  history  remains  to  be  learned. 

Distribution — The  butterfly  is  found  among  the  mountains  of  Colo- 
rado and  Montana. 


G2  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

It  has  been  taken  by  Elrod  in  the  National  Park,  at  Missoula,  in  the 
Swan  Range,  and  on  Mount  Lolo  near  Missoula.  Cooley  has  a  specimen 
from  Bozeman  at  4,800  feet.  Brandegee  collected  it  near  Helena,  and 
Barnes  at  Aldridge.  Rare  in  the  Bear  Paw  Mountains,  according  to  Cou- 
beaux. 

THE  RHODOPE  SILVER-SPOT,  Argynnis  rhodope,  Edwards. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  male,  2.20  inches,  55  mm.;  female,  2.40  inches, 
GO  mm.  The  upper  side  of  the  male  is  bright  fulvous,  both  wings  on 
the  inner  half  heavily  clouded  with  dark  fuscous.  The  black  markings 
are  very  heavy  and  confluent.  The  outer  border  is  solid  black,  very 
slightly,  if  at  all,  interrupted  by  a  narrow  marginal  brown  line,  in  this 
respect  resembling  atlantis.  On  the  under  side  the  fore  wings  are  dark 
ferruginous,  on  the  outer  margin  rich  dark  brown.  Between  the  spots  at 
the  end  of  the  cell  and  the  nervules  below  the  apex  are  some  clear,  bright 
straw-yellow  spots.  The  upper  spots  of  the  marginal  series  are  silvered. 
The  hind  wings  are  dark  reddish-brown,  very  slightly  paler  on  the  line 
of  the  marginal  band.  The  spots  are  pale  straw-yellow,  except  those  of 
the  marginal  series,  which  are  distinctly  silvered.  The  female  on  the 
upper  side  is  of  a  lighter  and  brighter  red,  with  the  markings  dark  and 
heavy  as  In  the  male  sex.  On  the  under  side  the  markings  in  the 
female  do  not  differ  from  those  in  the  male,  except  that  the  primaries  on 
the  inner  half  and  at  the  base  are  bright  pinkish-red  (Holland). 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — The  insect  flies  in  British  Columbia.  Coues  collected  a 
single  female  August  8,  1874,  near  Three  Buttes,  Montana.  This  is  the 
only  record  of  its  capture  in  the  state. 

BREMNER'S  SILVER-SPOT. 
Argynnis  bremneri,  Edwards.     Fig.  52. 


Fig.  52.     Argynnis  bremneri. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  2.4  to  2.7  inches,  60  to  70  mm.  The  male  on 
the  upper  side  is  bright  fulvous.  The  black  markings,  especially  those 
about  the  middle  of  the  wings,  are  heavy.  Both  wings  at,  the  base  are 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  63 

clouded  with,  fuscous,  the  under  side  of  a  primaries  red  toward  the 
base,  buff  on  the  apical  area;  the  sub-apical  and  the  upper  marginal  spots 
well  silvered;  the  hind  wings  with  the  inner  two-thirds  more  or  less 
deeply  ferruginous,  a  little  mottled  with  buff,  very  rarely  encroached  upon 
by  the  dark  color  of  the  inner  area,  except  occasionally  near  the  angle 
(Holland). 

Early  Stages — Undescribed. 

Distribution — Found  in  Oregon,  Washington,  Montana,  southern  por- 
tions of  British  Columbia  and  Vancouver's  Island.  Specimens  in  the 
University  of  Montana  collection  from  Flathead  lake  by  Elrod,  and  from 
Tobacco  Root  Mountains  by  Douglass.  The  specimens  show  the  under 
side  of  lighter  color  than  from  Vancouver,  but  with  the  characteristic 
heavy  black  markings. 

THE   ELECTA   SILVER-SPOT. 
Argynnis  electa,  Edwards. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  2.00  to  2.25  inches,  51  to  64  mm.  The  male  is 
dull-reddish  fulvous  on  the  upper  side.  The  black  markings  are  narrow. 
The  base  of  both  wings  is  slightly  obscured.  On  the  under  side  the  fore 
wings  are  pale  cinnamon-red,  mottled  on  the  disk  with  a  little  buff.  The 
sub-marginal  band  is  buff,  quite  narrow,  and  often  invaded  by  the  ground 
color  of  the  inner  area.  The  silvery  spots  are  usually  very  well  marked 
and  distinct,  though  in  a  few  instances  the  silvery  color  is  somewhat 
obscured.  The  female  has  the  black  markings  a  little  heavier  than  the 
male;  otherwise  there  is  but  little  difference  in  the  sexes  (Holland). 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — Among  the  mountains  of  Montana  and  Colorado.  Hol- 
land says  it  is  often  confounded  with  atlantis,  but  is  wholly  distinct, 
smaller  in  size,  the  fore  wings  relatively  broader,  and  the  markings  not 
so  dark  on  the  upper  surface.  We  have  not  taken  it. 

THE   MOUNTAIN   SILVER-SPOT. 
Argynnis  atlantis,   Edwards.    Fig.  53. 


Fig.  53.     Argynnis  atlantis,  upper  and  lower  surfaces. 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings,  2.25-2.50  inches,  55-65  mm.  Upper  sur- 
face fulvous,  obscured  by  brown  scales  on  the  fore  wings  from  the  second 
bar  in  the  cell  obliquely  to  below  the  median  zigzag  line  on  the  hind 
margin;  the  two  marginal  lines  so  blended  that  not  much  of  the  ground 
color  is  left.  Marks  as  in  A.  aphrodite.  Under  side  of  fore  wings  reddish 
fulvous,  costa  and  apex  light  buff,  the  apical  patch  and  outer  margin 
brown,  with  the  apical  silver  spots,  six  marginal,  three  sub-marginal; 
hind  wings  dark  red  brown,  much  mottled  with  greenish  gray  or  drab, 
the  sub-marginal  band  pale  yellow,  usually  pure  from  margin  to  margin. 
Silver  spots  as  in  aphrodite. 

This  insect  resembles  aphrodite;  it  is  distinguished  from  that  species 
by  its  smaller  size,  its  somewhat  narrower  wings,  the  deeper  color  of 
the  base  of  the  wings  on  the  upper  side  and  their  darker  color  on  the 
under  side.  The  sub-marginal  band  is  pale  yellow,  narrow,  but  distinct 
and  always  present. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  conoidal,  with  twelve  to  fourteen  ribs, 
honey  yellow.  The  caterpillars  are  hatched  in  the  fall  and  hibernate 
without  feeding  until  the  following  spring. 

Caterpillar — The  head  is  dark  blackish  brown.  The  body  is  velvety- 
purple  above,  a  little  paler  on  the  underside.  The  usual  spines  occur  on 
the  body,  and  are  black,  grayish  at  the  base.  The  larva  feeds  on  violets. 

Crysalis — Light  brown,  speckled,  except  on  the  abdominal  segments, 
with  black. 

Distribution — The  species  has  a  wide  distribution.  It  ranges  from 
Maine  to  the  mountains  of  western  Pennsylvania,  thence  southward  along 
the  central  ridge  of  the  Alleghanies  into  West  Virginia.  It  is  found  in 
Canada,  extending  westward  into  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  the  state  it  has  been  taken  at  Missoula,  Mount  Lolo,  and  Flathead 
Lake  by  Elrod,  and  at  Bozeman  by  Cooley.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  repre- 
sented *n  Wiley's  collections.  According  to  Coubeaux  it  is  common  in 
the  Bear  Paw  Mountains. 

THE  EURYNOME  FRITILLARY. 
Argynnis  Eurynome,  Edwards.    Fig.  54. 


Fig.  54.     Argynnis  eurynome. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  65 

Butterfly — Expanse,  male,  1.70-2.00  inches,  45-50  mm.;  female,  2.00 
inches,  50  mm.  The  wings  on  the  upper  side  of  the  male  are  bright  yel- 
lowish fulvous,  but  little  obscured  at  the  base.  The  outer  margins  are 
edged  by  two  fine  lines  which  are  occasionally  confluent.  The  under 
side  of  the  fore  wings  is  pale  buff,  laved  with  cinnamon  brown  at  the 
base  and  along  the  nervules;  the  spots  on  the  margin  and  in  the  apical 
area  are  well  silvered.  The  hind  wings  on  the  under  side  are  buff,  with 
'the  basal  and  discal  areas  mottled  with  pale  brown  or  pale  olive-green. 
The  marginal  belt  is  broad  and  clear  buff;  all  the  spots  are  well  silvered. 

The  female  is  like  the  male,  but  paler,  with  the  dark  markings,  espe- 
cially those  of  the  margin,  heavier;  the  marginal  spots  inclosed  by  the 
lunules  are  much  paler  than  the  ground-color,  and  in  many  specimens 
almost  white.  On  the  under  side  the  wings  in  this  sex  are  like  those  of 
the  male,  but  the  fore  wings  are  more  heavily  laved  with  ciannamon- 
brown  at  the  base. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  has  been  figured  by  Edwards,  otherwise  we 
must  say  unknown. 

Distribution — Common  in  Colorado,  Montana,  and  British  America, 
showing  much  variation.  Dyar  calls  erinna,  bischoffi,  artonis,  clio,  arge 
and  cunninghami  varieties  of  the  species.  Eurynome  has  been  taken  in 
the  state  by  Cooley  at  Bozeman,  4,800  feet,  and  9,500  feet;  by  Elrod  in 
the  Swan  Range  at  6,500  feet,  Flathead  at  3,000  feet,  and  Mount  Lolo;  by 
Douglass  in  the  Tobacco  Root  Mountains  8,000  feet,  Madison  valley,  Ruby 
Mountains;  by  Brandegee  on  Mount  Ascension  and  near  Helena,  and  by 
Barnes  at  Aldrich.  Coubeaux  says  it  is  rather  common  in  the  Bear  Paw 
Mountains.  Allen  has  collected  it  at  Dillon. 

Var.  Clio,  the  Clio  Fritillary.  The  spots  on  the  underside  are  with- 
out silver.  Otherwise  like  the  type. 

Taken  by  Cooley  in  Gallatin  County  at  6,800  feet  elevation,  and  at 
Shields  river  at  6,700  feet.  A  specimen  with  very  little  silver  was  taken 
by  BJirod  in  the  Swan  range  at  6,700.  A  female  taken  by  Dr.  Coues  at 
Chief  Mountain  August  21,  1874. 

Holland  says  "The  female  very  closely  resembles  the  female  of 
artonis,  and  in  fact  I  am  unable  to  distinguish  the  types  of  the  two 
species  by  any  marks  which  seem  to  be  satisfactory." 

Var.  bischoffi,  Bischoff's  Fritillary,  is  like  the  type,  but  the  upper 
side  is  heavily  obscured  by  black,  concealing  the  basal  wing  markings. 
The  female  has  the  spots  within  the  lunules  pale  and  almost  white.  It 
is  a  boreal  form. 

Taken  by  Cooley.  Three  specimens,  one  from  Shields  river,  6,700 
feet,  two  from  Gallatin  county,  one  at  8,300  and  one  at  9,400  feet. 

Var.  artonis,  the  Artonis  Fritillary,  may  be  distinguished  "by  the 
entire  absence  of  silvery  scales  upon  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings, 
and  also  by  the  fact  that  the  silver  spots  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind 
wings  are  not  compressed  and  elongated  as  much  as  eurynome,  and  by 
the  further  fact  that  all  the  dark  marginal  markings  of  the  under  side 
are  obliterated.  In  the  female  the  dark  markings  underneath  are 
heavier.  It  has  been  found  in  Colorado,  Nevada,  Utah  and  Arizona.  We 
have  one  specimen  from  the  Yellowstone  Park. 


66  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Butterflies  at  Miles  City,  Montana. 


A  barren  country  surrounds  Miles  City,  the  center  of  the  great  graz- 
ing territory  of  eastern  Montana,  a  country  of  prairie  and  badlands  with 
little  verdure  other  than  that  on  the  immediate  border  of  the  rivers  and 
in  the  creek  bottoms. 

Here  a  lover  of  groves  and  forests  must  be  content  with  a  variety 
of  trees  that  might  easily  be  enumerated  on  his  ten  fingers,  and  but  few 
of  even  these. 

Cottonwoods,  broken  and  scrawny,  are  the  only  trees  of  large  size 
near  the  city,  but  as  one  penetrates  the  country  to  the  heads  of  the 
Yellowstone's  many  tributaries,  he  meets  with  ash,  elm,  box-elder  and 
willows,  all  native  varieties,  and  differing  somewhat  from  the  same 
trees  of  the  eastern  states. 

In  the  badlands  and  in  the  hilly  sections  are  pines  and  cedars  also, 
but  the  majority  of  our  country  is  a  vast  prairie,  grass  clothed,  but  bare 
of  tree  or  shrub  (the  ever-present  sage-brush  excepted)  and  parched  by 
the  sun  from  July  until  winter. 

What  limited  amount  of  shrubbery  does  occur  is  also  confined  to  the 
water-courses.  We  have  our  native  choke-cherry,  wild  rose,  plum,  willow, 
snowberry,  buffaloberry,  greasewood  and  sagebrush,  a  meagre  list  in- 
deed, when  compared  to  the  hundreds  of  shrubs  and  brushes  abounding 
in  most  eastern  localities.  All  vegetation  without  it  may  be  grasses,  and 
wild  flowers  occur  with  us,  but  in  the  most  limited  variety.  We  have  no 
woods,  no  swamps,  no  hedges.  What  wonder  then  that  the  entomologist's 
hopes  are  saddened  as  he  realizes  that  a  corresponding  dearth  exists 
among  his  favored  and  busy  tribes. 

I  wonder  who  can  recount  the  exact  number  of  Papilios  he  has  seen 
during  three  years  past?  It  is  my  good  (?)  fortune  to  have  seen  just 
fourteen  during  that  period.  In  the  season  of  1891  I  saw  but  one,  it  was 
one  of  the  Turnus  group,  probably  rutulus  or  daunus,  its  rapid  flight 
however,  baffled  detection.  In  May  of  this  year  while  returning  from  our 
ranch,  on  horseback,  a  distance  of  about  one  hundred  miles,  I  saw  another 
of  this  same  group,  but  was  unable  to  capture  it.  During  this  trip,  also, 
I  counted  nine  zolicoan,  only  one  of  which  was  not  in  rapid  flight  across 
country;  this  one,  a  female,  was  depositing  her  eggs  on  our  native  wild 
parsnips,  and  I  caught  her  easily,  and  obtained  some  twenty  eggs,  which 
I  reared  on  cultivated  parsnips  in  my  garden.  The  only  other  Papilio 
seen  this  year  was  one  related  to  zolicaon,  but  had  none  of  the  prominent 
show  of  yellow  so  characteristic  of  that  species  when  on  the  wing.  What 
it  may  have  been  I  cannot  say. 

Finally,  two  specimens  of  zolicaon  taken  on  the  summit  of  Signal 
Butte,  near  this  city,  on  May  30,  1892,  complete  the  number.  I  cite  my 
experience  with  the  Papilios  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  scarcity  of 
species  occurring  here. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  67 

A  few  species  of  Colias,  Pieris,  Euptoieta,  Phyciodes,  and  Lycaena 
occur  here,  however  in  sufficient  abundance  not  to  be  called  rare.  There 
exists  an  unusually  localized  distribution  among  most  species  here, 
which  doubtless  results  from  a  similar  localization  of  the  foodplants, 
many  of  which  are  to  be  found  only  near  flowing  springs  or  other  sources 
of  moisture.  The  Satyrids,  Pamphila,  and  other  prairie  varieties,  how- 
ever, may  be  met  with  in  country  of  almost  any  character,  as  also  may 
such  species  as  the  Argynnids,  Pyrameis  cardui  or  Danias  archippus. 

This  season  has  proven  an  unusually  productive  one,  and  fully  twice 
the  number  of  butterflies  were  on  the  wing  this  year  than  appeared  in 
either  1891  or  1892. 

Our  climate  and  soil  are  so  dry  that  no  agriculture  is  successful 
without  irrigation,  and  I  attribute  this  season's  productiveness  in  the 
Lepidoptera  of  this  immediate  vicinity  to  systems  of  artificial  irrigation, 
which  has  been  successfully  operated  here  only  the  last  two  seasons, 
and  no  doubt  all  insect  life  so  dependent  upon  vegetation,  will  steadily 
increase  as  the  amount  and  variety  of  plant-life  is  multiplied  year  by 
year  by  the  introduction  of  agriculture  under  our  irrigation  systems 
along  the  Tongue  and  Yellowstone  River  bottoms. 

In  the  interest  of  the  readers  of  the  Entomologist  News  I  append  a 
list  of  the  species  of  diurnals  that  I  have  taken  about  Miles  City  during 
a  three  years'  residence  here: 

Papilio  zolicaon,  rare. 

Pieris  rapae,  common. 

Pieris  protodice. 

Anthrocharis  olympia,  not  rare. 

Colias  eurytheme,  common. 

Colias  eriphyle,  common. 

Danias  archippus,  rare. 

Argynnis  idalia,  one  differing  a  little  from  eastern  species. 

Argynnis  edwardsii,  not  common. 

Argynnis  nevadensis,  not  common. 

Argynnis  cypris,  rare. 

Argynnis  sp.,  one. 

Euptoieta  claudia,  one  of  the  most  common  (averaging  small  in  size). 

Melitaea,  three  species;    not  common  and  local. 

Phyciodes  tharos,  rather  common. 

Phyciodes  carlota,  quite  common. 

Grapta  zephyrus,  one. 

Vannessa  antiopa,  not  common. 

Vanessa  californica,  one. 

Vanessa  milberti,  rare. 

Pyrameis  cardui,  not  rare. 

Pyrameis  ?  sp.  nov.  sp.,  possibly  Hy.  Edy.  Hybrid  caryae  et  atlanta. 

Limenitis  weidmeyerii,  rare  and  local. 

Limenitis  disippus,  rare  and  local. 

Coenonympha  ochracea,  rather  common. 

Satyrus  alope-olympus,  rare. 


68  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Satyrus  oetus,  rare. 
Satyrus  charon,  rather  common. 

Chionobas   varuna,   several   specimens  taken  at   ranch   in   July,   100 
miles  east  of  Miles  City. 

Thecla  niphon,  rare  and  local. 

Chrysophanus  hypophlaeas,  not  rare. 

Chrysophanus   rubidus. 

Lycaena  melissa,  common. 

Pamphila,  two  or  three  species,  all  rare. 

Pyrgus  tessellata,  common. 

Pyrgus  sp.,  not  common. 

Pholisora  catullus,  common. 

Eudamus  tityrus,  one. 

Eudamus  sp.  one. 

— C.  A.  Wiley  in  Entomological  News  for  February,  1899- 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


F>S-  55.     Venation  of 
Bninthis   myrina. 


Genus  BRENTHIS,  Hubner. 

Butterfly — Small  or  medium  size;  in  form  and  color  very  much  like 
Argynnis. 

Egg — The  eggs  are  subconical,  almost 
twice  as  high  as  wide,  truncated  at  the  top, 
and  marked  with  thirteen  or  fourteen  raised 
longitudinal  ridges  connected  by  a  multi- 
tude of  small  cross  ridges. 

Larva — Smaller  and  not  as  dark  in  color 
as  the  larva  of  Argynnis.  They  feed  upon 
violets. 

Chrysalis — It  is  pendant,  about  six-tenths 
of  an   inch   long,   and   having  two   rows   of 
sharp  conical  tubercles  on  the  back. 
GENUS    BRENTHIS. 
Key   to   Species. 

1.  Basal   part  of  wings  not  differing  from 

the  rest,  2. 

Basal  part  of  wings  black,  3. 

2.  Under  side  of  wings  with  silver  spots; 

ocellus  at  base  of  hind  wings 

myrina 

3.     Under  side  of  wings  without  silver  spots  and  ocellus;     a  purplish 
ferrugenous  color  at  the  apex,  bellona. 

Cinnamon  brown  at  the  apex  of  fore  wings;  hind  wing  crossed  by 
a  yellow  band  formed  of  star-like  spots;  black  ocellus  at  base  of 
wings,  helena. 

THE  SILVER  BORDERED  FRITILLARY. 

Brenthis  myrina,  Cramer.    Figs.  55,  56. 

Butterfly — The  upper  side  of  the  wings  is  fulvous;  the  black  mark- 
ings are  light;  the  borders  heavy.  The  fore  wings  on  the  under  side  are 
yellowish  fulvous,  ferruginous  at  the  tip,  with  the  marginal  spots  lightly 
silvered.  The  hind  wings  are  ferruginous,  mottled  with  buff.  The  spots 
are  small  and  well  silvered.  Expanse  male,  1.40  inches;  female,  1.70 
inches,  43  mm. 

Egg — The  egg  is  conoidal,  about  one-third  higher  than  wide,  marked 
by  seventeen  vertical  ribs,  between  which  are  a  number  of  delicate  cross 
ribs.  It  is  pale  greenish  yellow  in  color. 

Caterpillar — In  its  final  stage  it  is  about  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  long, 
dark  olive  brown,  marked  with  green;  the  segments  being  adorned  with 
fleshy  tubercles  armed  with  needle-shaped  projections. 

Chrysalis — It  is  brownish  yellow,  spotted  with  dark  brown  spots, 
those  of  the  thoracic  and  first  and  second  abdominal  segments  having 
the  luster  of  mother  of  pearl. 

Distribution — It  has  a  wide  range,  extending  from  New  England  to 


70 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Montana,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  and  southward  along  the  ridges 
of  the  Alleghanies  into  Virginia  and  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 
It  has  been  taken  rather  abundantly  at  Crow  Creek,  Flathead  Indian 
Reservation;  at  Missoula;  at  Rimini,  5,500  feet,  near  Helena,  by 
Brandegee.  Taken  by  Barnes  at  Aldridge. 

One  day  in  July,  while  camped  at  Crow  Creek  along  the  main  wagon 
road  between  Selish  and  Poison  Brenthis  myrina  was  found  abundantly 
in  the  grassy  creek  bottoms.  Almost  invariably  they  were  taken  on  the 
large  blue  Erigeron  macranthus,  common  in  the  western  part  of  the 
state.  The  afternoon  was  warm,  and  was  spent  almost  entirely  in  butter- 
fly collecting.  Nearly  all  the  specimens  taken  were  of  this  species. 


Figs.  55  and  56.     Brenthis  myrina,  upper  and  lower  surfaces 

August  8,  1904,  an  afternoon  was  spent  at  the  upper  end  of  Swan 
Lake  after  insects.  Brenthis  myrina  was  the  only  common  species,  rest- 
ing occasionally  on  the  blue  Erigeron  or  white  Achillea.  Several  dozen 
were  secured,  the  return  to  camp  revealing  two  deer  in  the  marsh. 

One  morning  during  the  last  week  in  August,  1903,  as  I  was  wading 
through  the  tall  wet  grass,  at  the  upper  end  of  Swan  Lake,  just  after  sun- 
rise, a  butterfly  was  rather  abundant  above  the  tops  of  the  grass.  The 
dew  was  wet  and  heavy,  and  no  net  was  at  hand.  Batting  down  an  insect 
with  my  old  hat  it  proved  to  be  of  this  species.  It  may  be  called  common 
west  of  the  range. 

THE  MEADOW  FRITILLARY. 
Brenthis   bellona,    Fabricius.     Fig.   57. 


Fig.  57.     Brenthis  bellona. 

Butterfly — Pale  fulvous  on  the  upper  side,  with  the  dark  markings 
on  the  inner  half  of  the  wing  narrow,  but  more  or  less  confluent.     The 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


71 


dark  markings  on  the  outer  margin  are  slighter.  On  the  under  side  the 
fore  wings  are  pale  fulvous,  spotted  with  purple  at  the  tip  and  outer 
margin.  The  hind  wings  below  are  ferruginous,  mottled  with  purple. 
Expanse,  1.65-1.80  inches,  41-46  mm. 

Early  Stages — Similar  to  that  of  B.  myrina,  but  the  caterpillar  in  its 
mature  form  differs  in  not  having  the  spines  on  the  second  segment  of 
the  body  lengthened  as  in  that  species.  Chrysalis,  bluish  gray  in  color, 
marked  with  dark  spots. 

Distribution — The  butterfly  is  very  common  in  the  whole  of  the 
northern  United  States,  as  far  south  as  Virginia.  It  occurs  throughout 
Quebec,  Ontario,  and  British  America,  as  far  west  as  the  foothills  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  In  the  state  taken  by  Elrod  at  ivlissoula  and  at  Swan 
Lake;  by  Brandegee  at  Rimini,  near  Helena. 

THE  HELENA  FRITILLARY. 

Brenthis  Helena,  Edwards,  Fig.  58. 


Fig.  58.     Brenthis  Helena. 

Butterfly — The  wings  on  the  upper  side  are  fulvous,  greatly  obscured 
by  brown  at  the  base  of  the  fore  wings  and  along  the  inner  margin  of 
the  hind  wings.  The  usual  markings  are  light,  and  the  marginal  border 
is  also  not  so  heavily  marked  as  in  B.  myrina.  The  fore  wings  on  the 
under  side  are  pale  fulvous  laved  with  ferruginous  at  the  tip.  The  hind 
wing  brightly  ferruginous,  with  small  yellow  marginal  spots  and  paler 
spots  inclining  to  buff  on  the  costal  border  and  at  the  end  of  the  cell, 
about  the  region  of  the  median  nervules. 

The  female  is  very  much  like  the  male  on  the  upper  side,  but  the 
ground  color  is  paler.  On  the  under  side  the  markings  are  more  con- 
spicuous. Expanse,  1.40  inches,  35  mm. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution— Helena  appears  to  be  a  common  species  in  Colorado, 
Montana  and  New  Mexico.  It  is  subject  to  considerable  variation,  both 


72  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

in  the  intensity  of  the  coloring  of  the  under  side  of  the  wings  and  in  the 
distinctness  of  the  maculation. 

The  collection  contains  two  from  Missoula  and  three  from  Flathead 
Lake.  Cooley  has  specimens  from  near  Bozeman  June  27,  1900,  at  6,800 
feet,  and  July  12,  1900,  at  8,000  feet. 

THE  CHECKER-SPOTS. 
Genus   Lemonias,   Fabricius. 

This  group  includes  some  of  the  smaller  members  of  the  Nyphalinae. 
The  color  of  the  wings  is  sometimes  black,  with  red  and  yellow  spots; 
out  it  is  usually  fulvous,  with  the  fore  wings  broadly  margined,  especially 
at  the  apex,  with  black,  and  crossed  by  many  irregular  lines  of  black. 
About  fifty  species  occur  in  this  country. 

Key  to  Species. 

1.  General  color  black,  with  a  terminal  border  of  red   spots;     spotted 

with  red  and  yellow  2. 

General  color  red  or  fulvous,  very  little  black  3. 

General  color  brownish  black  4. 

2.  Under  side  brick  red  with  the  yellow  repeated,  size  1.75  to  2.50  inches, 

45-64  mm.  chalcedon. 

Under  side  brick  red,  the  yellow  wanting  cooperi. 

Under  side  with  small  spots.  brucei 

Smaller,  about  1.50  inches,  38  mm.,  more  red  and  yellow  anicia. 
Black  above,  a  row  of  small,  marginal,  brick-red  spots,  size  small 

taylori. 

3.  Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  with  a  little  yellow  at  the  apex; 

hind  wings  with  a  great  deal  of  yellow  whitneyi. 
Basal  area  black  hoffmanni. 
Under  side  red,  often  one  row  of  yellow  spots  nubigena. 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  heavily  and  regularly  banded  with  yel- 
lowish white  spots,  possessing  pearly  luster  acastus. 

4.  Both  wings  with  marginal  rows  of  red  spots  leanira. 

THE  CHALCEDON  CHECKER-SPOT. 

Lemonias  chalcedon,  Doubleday  and  Hewitson.     Plate  IV,  Plate  I. 

Butterfly — Male  and  female  are  much  alike.  The  wings  are  black, 
spotted  with  red  and  ochreous  yellow.  On  the  under  side  they  are  brick- 
red  with  the  spots  of  the  upper  side  repeated,  and  in  addition  at  the  base 
a  number  of  large  and  distinct  yellow  spots.  Expanse  ma:e,  1.75-2.00 
inches,  45-51  mm.;  female,  2.50  inches,  64  mm. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  pale  yellowish  when  first  laid,  pitted  at  the 
base,  and  ribbed  vertically  above.  The  caterpillar  is  black,  with  the 
bristles  projecting  on  the  segments  quite  long.  The  chrysalis  is  pale 
gray,  blotched  with  brown.  The  food  plants  are  Mimulus  and  Castilleia. 

Distribution — It  is  common  in  northern  California.  In  Montana  is 
has  been  taken  abundantly  at  Missoula.  One  was  captured  at  Geyser 
Basin,  National  Park. 


Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont,  Biol.  Series  No.  10. 


Plate    V. 


Lemonias  chalcedon,  upper  surface  1  and   4;      lower     surface, 
Lemonias  anicia,  upper  surface,  3  and  6;    lower  surface,  2  and  5. 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA. 


73 


THE  ANICIA   CHECKER-SPOT. 
Lemonias   anicia,   Doubleday  and    Hewitson.     Plate    IV. 

Butterfly — Smaller  than  chalcedon,  with  a  great  deal  of  red  on  the 
basal  and  discal  areas  of  both  wings  upon  the  upper  side.  Expanse  1.50 
inches,  38  mm. 

Early  Stages — These  are  unknown. 

Distribution — L.  anicia  is  found  in  Colorado,  Montana,  Washington, 
and  British  America.  The  University  of  Montana  collection  embraces 
specimens  from  Geyser  Basin  (13),  Missoula  (3),  Aldridge  (1).  Coubeaux 
calls  it  tolerably  common  in  the  mountains  near  Big  Sandy. 

TAYLOR'S  CHECKER-SPOT. 
Lemonias  taylori,   Edwards.    Fig.  58. 


Fig.  58.     Lemonias  taylori. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  male,  1.25  to  1.50  inches,  32-38  mm.;  female, 
1.50  to  1.75  inches,  38-45  mm.  Ground  color  black  above;  a  row  of  small 
marginal  brick-red  spots,  largest  at  the  apex;  two  rows  of  small  light 
yellow  or  almost  quite  white  spots  across  fore  and  hind  wings,  the  outer 
row  on  fore  wings  sometimes  reduced  to  mere  specks;  on  the  hind  wing 
there  is  usually  a  row  of  brick-red  spots  between  the  rows  of  yellow 
spots;  within  these  rows  there  are  about  three  or  four  basal  yellow  spots 
no  larger  than  the  largest  spots  in  the  rows;  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings 
has  a  small  basal  yellow  spot,  then  a  larger  red  bar  sometimes  broken, 
followed  by  three  yellow  dashes  making  a  bar,  a  large  yellow  spot,  about 
the  middle  of  the  wing  below  the  cell;  costa  of  fore  wings  brick  red, 
heaviest  at  the  base;  the  under  side  is  brick-red,  the  spots  above  re- 
peated and  much  larger;  on  the  fore  wings  the  yellow  spots  are  washed 
over  by  red,  and  almost  lacking  on  hinder  part  of  wing;  legs,  palpi,  sides 
of  abdomen  brick-red;  under  side  of  abdomen  same  color  as  yellow  spots. 
Early  Stages — The  food  is  said  to  be  the  ribwort  plantain  (Plantago 
lanceolata  Linn.) 

Distribution — It  is  reported  from  Vancouver's  Island.  Prof.  Cooley 
has  one  specimen  from  Cascade,  on  the  Missouri  river,  one  from  Gallatin 
County,  and  one  from  Missoula;  Barnes  has  several  from  Aldridge. 

BRUCE'S  CHECKER-SPOT,   Lemonias   brucei,   Edwards. 
Butterfly— Male:     Expands  from  1.5  to  1.7  inch  38  to  40  mm.     Upper 
side   brown-black,   marked  with   spots  of  red   and   yellow  in  transverse 
bands;   there  are  three  well-marked  varieties,  in  one  of  which  red  pre- 


74  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OP  MONTANA. 

dominates,  sometimes  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  yellow;  in  another  red 
and  yellow,  much  as  in  other  allied  species;  on  the  third  much  yellow, 
very  little  red;  so  that  the  black  surface  is  more  exposed  than  in  many 
species. 

1.  The  red  form.     The  spots  dull;  the  common  marginal  row  wholly 
red,  the  submarginal  row   sometimes  red  on  primaries,   sometimes   red 
partly  replaced  by  yellow,  and  secondaries  always  red  and  yellow;   the 
the  third  row  is  red  and  yellow  on  primaries,  red  on  secondaries,  the 
fourth  row  just  the  reverse  of  this;  at  end  of  cell  on  primaries  a  short 
red  and  yellow  band,  in  the  cell  four  spots,  red  and  yellow  alternately, 
from  the  arc,  the  yellow  ones  very  small;   on  secondaries,  a  red  stripe 
along  upper  side  of  cell,  two  small  yellow  spots  in  cell;  fringes  black  at 
ends  of  the  nervules,  yellow  in  the  interspaces. 

2.  The  spots  of  the  second  row  red  and  yellow  on  primaries,  yellow 
on  secondaries;  the  two  next  costa  sometimes  red  on  the  posterior  side; 
the  yellow  spots  in  cell  of  primaries  large,  and  a  large  yellow  patch  below 
cell. 

3.  Nearly  all  spots  yellow;  the  marginal  red;  no  other  red  on  second- 
aries, or  a  mere  trace  of  it  indicating  the  spots  of  the  third  row,  which 
are  otherwise  suppressed;  the  submarginal  row  of  primaries  represented 
by  a  few  scales  only,  as  are  also  the  spots  in  cell. 

On  the  under  side  all  three  forms  agree;  primaries  dull  red,  almost 
without  black;  the  marginal  spots  a  deeper  red,  the  next  two  rows  yellow, 
the  submarginr.1  obsolete  on  lower  half;  a  yellow  p^tcli  subapical  on  costa, 
another  outside  arc  of  cell  ;the  two  cellular  spots  yellow,  dusted  red. 

Secondaries  have  all  the  spots  clearly  defined;  the  marginal  row 
red,  the  second  row  of  yellow  lunules;  the  third  wholly  red;  the  fourth 
yellow,  the  spots  of  upper  half  elongated  and  cut  unequally  by  a  black 
line  from  costa  to  lower  discoidal  nervule;  beyond  to  base  red,  with  a 
straight  row  of  four  confluent  spots  from  costa  to  sumedian,  and  a  fifth 
at  end  of  cell. 

Female — Expands  1.7  to  1.8  inch,  40  to  42  mm.  Varies  as  the  male, 
but  some  examples  still  more  widely,  the  yellow  spots  being  very  large. 
On  the  under  side  as  in  the  male,  except  that  some  examples  have  the 
red  submarginal  spots  of  secondaries  slightly  edged  with  yellow;  in  the 
more  yellow  upper  side  examples  the  yellow  edging  to  these  spots  is 
broader,  and  even  sometimes  extends  along  the  marginal  side. 

This  small  Melitaea  has  long  been  known  in  collections,  but  till  re- 
cently I  myself  have  seen  few  of  them,  and  knew  nothing  of  its  localities 
or  habits.  Mr.  Bruce,  who  took  great  numbers  of  examples,  says:  "I 
found  it  only  on  high  mountain  tops  (in  Colorado) ;  this  was  strictly  the 
rule.  These  tops  are  in  most  cases  extensive  plains  covered  with  flow- 
ers, chiefly  yellow  compositae,  and  the  Melitaeas  in  question  sit  on  every 
blossom  in  numbers,  and  are  very  sluggish — or  rather  I  may  say,  they  sit 
and  cling  tightly  to  the  flowers  to  prevent  the  brisk  wind,  that  is  gen- 
erally blowing  at  this  elevation,  from  taking  them  away.  I  have  never 
seen  them  down  the  slope  lower  than  a  few  hundred  yards.  It  is  an 
abundant  species  on  the  Snowy  Range  at  not  lower  than  12,000  feet,  and 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  75 

must  appear  early  in  June,  as  many  of  my  specimens  taken  early  in  July 
are  rather  worse  for  wear." 

The  species  comes  also  from  Montana,  Washington  Ter.,  and  British 
America,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  (The  above  is  the  original  descrip- 
tion in  Can.  Ent.) 

THE   ACASTUS  CHECKER-SPOT. 

Lemonias  acastus,   Edwards. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.50  to  1.60  inches,  38-41  mm.  Prevalently  ful- 
vous upon  the  upper  side,  and  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  heavily 
and  somewhat  regularly  banded  with  yellowish-white  spots,  possessing 
some  pearly  lustre. 

Early  Stages — Unknown 

Distribution — Nevada,  Utah,  Montana.    We  have  not  taken  it. 

HOFFMANN'S  CHECKER-SPOT. 
Lemonias  hoffmanni,   Behr. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.35  to  1.45  inches,  35  to  37  mm.  General  style  of 
marking  similar  to  L.  whitneyi,  but  with  the  basal  area  black,  and  the 
black  markings  toward  the  outer  margin  not  so  heavy,  giving  it  here  a 
more  fulvous  appearance.  Under  side  much  as  in  whitneyi,  but  the 
yellow  markings  are  more  prominent.  Subject  to  much  variation. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — Found  in  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Colorado,  Mon- 
tana. We  have  not  taken  it. 

THE    LEANIRA   CHECKER-SPOT. 

Lemonias  learnira,  Boisduval. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.50  to  1.75  inches,  38  to  45  mm.  Ground  color 
brownish-black,  fulvous  on  the  costa,  with  submerged  median,  and  basal 
rows  of  yellow  spots.  Both  the  primaries  and  secondaries  have  a  mar- 
ginal row  of  red  spots,  and  the  former  have  in  addition  a  sub-marginal 
row  of  such  spots.  The  under  side  of  the  primaries  is  reddish  fulvous, 
with  the  markings  of  the  upper  side  reproduced.  The  secondaries  have 
a  marginal  row  of  crescents,  then  a  black  band  inclosing  yellow  spots, 
then  a  median  band  of  long  yellow  crescents.  The  remainder  of  the 
wing  to  its  insertion  is  black,  spotted  with  yellow. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — Colifornia,  Arizona,  Nevada,  Montana,  British  America. 
We  have  not  taken  it,  nor  is  it  in  any  of  the  collections. 

THE   CLOUDED   CHECKER-SPOT. 
Lemonias  nubigena  Behr.     Fig.  60. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.20-1.50  inches,  30-38  mm.  Small,  characterized 
jy  the  red  ground  color  of  the  upper  side  of  the  wings.  The  species  is 
susceptible  of  great  variations.  The  markings  are  quite  similar  to  those 
of  other  species,  but  the  size  is  small.  In  the  variety  Wheeled  the  black 
ground-color  is  greatly  reduced  and  almost  wholly  obliterated  on  parts 
of  the  primaries. 

Distribution — Found  in  Nevada.     Collected  by  Cooley  at  Bozeman 


76  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Fig.  60.     Lemonias  nubigena,  from  Colorado. 

WHITNEY'S  CHECKER-SPOT. 
Lemonias  whitneyi,   Behr.  Figs.  61   and  62. 


Fig.  62.     Lemonias  whitneyi, 


Fig.   61.     Lemonias   whitneyi.  under  side- 

Butterfly — Fulvous  upon  the  upper  side.  Prominent  yellow  bands  on 
under  side  of  hind  wings.  The  yellow  is  more  prominent  in  the  male  than 
in  the  female.  Expanse  male,  1.50  inches,  38  mm.;  female  1.70  inches, 
44  mm. 

Early  Stages — Altogether  unknown. 

Distribution — It  ranges  from  California  into  Nevada,  north  to  Mon- 
tana. 

Taken  at  Sinyaleamin  lake  in  the  Mission  Mountains  by  Elrod;  near 
Helena  by  Brandegee;  in  Bridger  canyon  and  Gallatin  county,  elevation 
7,500  feet  by  Cooley;  Miles  City  by  Wiley. 

COOPER'S  CHECKER-SPOT,  Lemonias  cooperi  Behr. 
Butterfly  and  Early  Stages — This  species  is  very  similar  to  chalcedon, 
but  the  want  of  the  yellowish  halo  around  the  lunulae  of  the  brown  band 
on  the  under  side,  is  a  very  positive  diagnostic  character.  The  brown 
color  of  the  bands  also  is  always  of  the  same  somber  hue  as  that  of  the 
under  side  of  the  fore  wings,  and  never  of  the  fiery  brick  red  that  colors 
this  fascia  on  the  under  side  of  chalcedon,  forming  a  perceptible  contrast 
to  the  somber  coloring  of  the  under  slds  of  the  fore  wings,  which  is  the 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  77 

same  in  chalcedon  and  cooperi.  With  all  these  well  marked  differences, 
the  two  species  look  so  much  alike,  that  it  would  have  been  a  long  time 
before  cooperi  would  have  been  recognized  as  a  distinct  species,  if  it  had 
not  been  for  the  striking  difference  of  its  caterpillar,  which  was  discovered 
by  Mr.  Lorquin  near  Clear  Lake  on  a  species  of  Scrophularia.  This  cater- 
pillar is  much  more  elongated  than  that  of  chalcedon.  It  is  nearly  of 
the  shape  and  coloration  of  that  of  the  European  artemis,  brimstone  yel- 
low, with  a  dorsal  and  a  lateral  black  stripe.  We  were  quite  justified  in 
expecting  from  such  a  caterpillar  something  strikingly  different  from  the 
very  common  type  of  chalcedon.  But  to  our  surprise  our  chrysalids  gave 
us  a  series  of  crippled  butterflies,  which  could  scarcely  be  distinguished 
from  chalcedon.  Since  that  time  I  have  received  a  well  developed  speci- 
men through  the  kindness  of  Baron  Koels,  wno  caught  it  with  several 
other  insects  on  an  excursion  to  Mount  Tamal  Pais. 

It  is  pretty  certain  that  cooperi  will  be  found  in  many  other  localities, 
as  it  is  only  its  similarity  to  our  most  common  vernal  butterfly,  the 
chalcedon,  that  makes  it  escape  our  attention." 

(The  above  was  kindly  copied  by  M.  E.  Hyde,  Asst.  Sec.  Calif.  Acad. 
Sci.,  from  Behr's  original  description  as  given  in  the  Proceedings  for 
1863-68,  Vol.  3,  p.  90.) 

Distribution — Found   in  Washington,  Vancouver's   Island,  and  the  Big 
Horn  Mountains,  Montana. 


78 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


THE  CRESCENT  SPOTS. 
Genus  PHYCIODES,    Doubleday.    Fig.  63. 

Butterfly — Generally  quite  small.  Their  wings  on  the  upper  side  are 
fulvous,  or  brown,  with  black  margins,  spots  and  lines,  and  with  the 
under  side  of  the  wings  reproducing  the  spots  of  the  upper  side.  Of  the 
spots  of  the  under  side  of  the  wings  one  of  the 
most  characteristic  is  the  pale  crescent  situated 
on  the  outer  margin  of  the  hind  wings.  In  the 
neuration  of  the  wings  these  butterflies  are  much 
like  Lemonias. 

Eggs — The  eggs  are  always  higher  than  broad, 
having  a  thimble-like  appearance. 

Caterpillar — The  caterpillar  is  cylindrical, 
marked  with  longitudinal  stripes,  and  adorned 
with  tubercles.  They  do  not  so  far  as  known 
weave  webs. 

Chrysalis— It  is  pendant,  with  the  head  slightly 
bifid.    The  color  is  generally  some  shade  of  pale 
gray,  spotted  with  black  or  brown. 
They  are  found  in   South  and  Central  America, 
the  United  States  and  Canada. 
GENUS   PHYCIODES. 

Key  to  Species. 

Broad  central  band  of  white  or  light  buff  on  under  side  2. 

Central  band  of  under  side  narrow  or  wanting,  sub-marginal  row 
of  spots  small  3. 

Sub-marginal  row  of  spots  on  under  side  with  no  more    than    one 

pupiled  with  white 

Upper  side  of  fore  wings  with  fulvous  bands 
Upper  side  of  fore  wings  with  whitish  bands 
Fulvous  band  broad,  narrow  black  border 
Fulvous  band  narrow,  deep  border 
Spots  on  hind  wings  above  pupiled  with  black 

Hind  wings  with  broad  median  and  narrow  sub-marginal  whitish  bars 

mylitta 


Phyc 


iodes. 


carlota. 
4. 
5. 

tharos 
pratensis 
camillus 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  79 

THE   PEARL  CRESCENT. 
Phyciodes  tharos,  Drury.     Fig.  64. 


Fig.  64.     Phyciodes  tharos,  slightly  reduced. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  male,  1.25  inches,  32  mm.;  female,  1.65  inches, 
41  mm.  Upper  surface  reddish  fulvous  marked  with  black;  two  rows 
of  more  or  less  coalescing  circles  near  the  base  of  the  wing,  the  first 
of  two  circles,  the  second  of  four,  and  an  ellipsoid  at  the  end  of  the  cell; 
a  patch  of  black  beyond  the  cell  on  the  costa  and  one  on  the  hind  margin, 
sometimes  the  two  being  connected  by  a  dentate  line.  The  outer  border 
is  broad,  black,  and  through  it  runs  a  crenated  line'  with  a  yellowish  or 
fulvous  lunule  in  the  middle,  in  some  examples  distinct,  in  others  con- 
nected with  the  central  color;  black  dot  near  the  posterior  angle. 

Hind  wings  similar  to  front  wings,  the  median  black  band  narrower; 
both  light  bands  are  fulvous,  and  the  outer  contains  a  row  of  black  spots. 

The  under  side  of  fore  wings  yellowish  fulvous,  with  yellow  spots 
and  four  black  patches,  two  on  the  costa  before  the  apex,  one  at  the 
posterior  angle,  and  one  on  the  hind  margin. 

The  under  side  of  hind  wings  pale  buff  washed  with  umber-brown, 
the  basal  half  with  more  or  less  complete  bands  of  pale  spots  edged  with 
brown;  the  row  of  black  spots  same  as  above;  a  sub-marginal  row  of 
lunules,  the  middle  large,  silvery,  the  others  more  or  less  obscure.  The 
terminal,  costal,  and  middle  brown  patches  are  present  in  some  examples, 
the  wing  being  well  suffused  with  brown. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  light  greenish  yellow.  The  caterpillar, 
which  feeds  upon  various  species  of  aster  and  allied  compositae,  is  dark 
brown  after  the  third  moult,  its  back  dotted  with  yellowish  and  adorned 
with  short  black  bristly  spines,  which  are  yellow  at  the  base.  The 
chrysalis  is  grayish  white,  mottled  with  dark  spots  and  lines. 

Distribution — This  is  one  of  the  many  dimorphic  species.  It  ranges 
from  southern  Labrador  to  Florida,  in  fact  all  over  North  America,  north  of 
Texas  and  south  of  the  region  of  Hudson  Bay,  except  the  Pacific  coast  of 
California.  Found  in  Montana  at  Missoula,  Fish  Creek,  Ruby  Mountain, 
Crow  Creek.  Brandegee  has  it  in  his  collection  from  Gold  Creek.  Wiley 
collected  it  at  Miles  City.  It  is  abundant  around  the  Biological  laboratory 
at  Bigfork.  It  is  abundant  in  the  Bear  Paw  Mountains,  according  to 
Coubeaux.  Dr.  Elliott  Coues  collected  it  at  Milk  River  July  25,  1874,  called 
by  Edwards  Marcia,  now  recognized  as  a  synonym  for  tharos. 


80 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


THE  CARLOTA  CRESCENT. 
Phyciodes  carlota   Reakirt.    Fig.  65. 


Fig.  G5.     Phyciodes  carlota. 

Butterfly — Upper  surface  black;  some  fulvous  spots  near  the  base 
of  the  fore  wings;  a  fulvous  band  through  the  middle  crossed  by  the 
black  veins;  a  sub-terminal  row  of  whitish  dots  in  the  broad  black 
terminal  border;  and  a  white  lunule  in  the  middle  of  the  border  near  the 
edge  of  the  wing.  In  the  females  there  are  traces  of  other  white  lunules 
just  within  the  margin.  The  hind  wings  similarly  marked,  except  that 
there  is  a  row  of  black  sub-marginal  spots  circled  with  fulvous,  and  the 
lunules  are  faint  in  the  males. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  with  three  or  four  not  very  prom- 
inent bars  in  the  cell,  a  somewhat  triangular  patch  beyond,  and  a  term- 
inal brown  black  border  with  the  sub-terminal  row  of  spots,  between 
median  venules  one  and  two  there  is  a  large  conical  whitish  spot,  the 
base  on  the  double  terminal  line;  this  double  line  running  in  zigzag  to 
the  apex,  and  the  inner  points  silvered  more  broadly  towards  the  apex, 
and  the  inner  point  sending  a  white  ray  to  the  margin.  The  same  is  re- 
peated towards  the  posterior  angle,  but  with  less  silver. 

The  hind  wings  dark  brown  washed  with  whitish,  more  towards  the 
base,  only  two  yellowish  spots  in  the  cell.  Near  the  base  is  a  broken 
silvery  band,  and  through  the  middle  a  silver  band  crossed  by  the  brown 
veins,  the  outer  margin  dentate.  The  sub-marginal  row  of  black  spots 
pupilled  with  white.  The  margin  is  similar  to  that  of  the  fore  wings, 
save  that  the  large  spot  is  silvery  instead  of  whitish. 

Distribution — It  is  found  in  the  southern  and  western  states,  Rocky 
mountains,  Montana  to  Arizona.  Wiley  has  many  specimens  in  his  col- 
lection from  Miles  City  and  Sandstone.  He  bred  specimens  in  1890.  It 
is  not  reported  by  the  other  collectors. 

THE  MYLITTA  CRESCENT,  Phyciodes  Mylitta,  Edwards. 
Butterfly — Expanse  of  male,  1.15  inches,  female  larger.  Broadly 
bright  fulvous  on  the  upper  side,  the  dark  markings  slight;  a  narrow  band 
of  dark  on  outer  edge  of  both  pairs  of  wings,  then  a  sub-marginal  row  of 
crescents,  bordered  with  black;  hind  wings  with  a  row  of  small  black 
spots,  a  black  spot  on  anterior  edge  and  dark  base;  fore  wings  crossed  by 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  81 

two  series  of  black  markings  like  bands,  in  addition  to  the  preceding; 
bases  dark.  Under  side  fulvous,  fore  wings  with  some  black  at  posterior 
angle;  behind  this  or  hind  wing,  a  large  light  patch;  a  light  patch  bor- 
dered with  dark  at  middle  of  outer  edge;  many  light  spots  on  hind  wing, 
making  at  least  two  rows. 

Early  Stages — The  food  plant  is  the  thistle.  The  caterpillar  is 
black,  yellowish  below,  with  a  faint  twinned  yellow  dorsal  line  and  faint 
lines  of  the  same  color  on  the  sides.  The  spines,  which  are  arranged  in 
six  rows,  are  black.  Those  of  segments  four,  five,  and  six,  yellow.  The 
chrysalis  is  dull  wood-brown. 

Distribution — Washington  to  Arizona,  eastward  to  Colorado.  In  the 
state  taken  at  Helena,  July  ,2  '03  (1),  at  Flathead  lake,  July,  '04  (1),  and 
in  Yellowstone  Park  (1).  Allen  has  collected  it  at  Dillon. 

THE    MEADOW   CRESCENT   SPOT. 
Phyciodes  pratensis  Behr.     Fig.  66. 


Fig.   6G.      Phyciodes    pratensis. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  male,  1.15  inches,  30  mm.;  female,  1.40  inches, 
36  mm.  Ground  color  black  or  dark  brown;  in  the  discal  cell  of  the  fore 
wing  a  prominent  light  bar;  between  this  and  base  of  wing  several 
smaller  light  spots;  beyond  the  bar  and  between  it  and  the  light 
band  a  small  somewhat  triangular  fulvous  bar;  two  rows  of  light  fulvous 
or  yellowish  spots  crossing  the  wing,  the  inner  lighter  and  with  larger 
spots,  the  anterior  blending  to  make  a  broad  bar  crossed  by  the  dark 
nerve  lines;  a  sub-marginal  row  of  lunules,  the  middle  one  much  larger; 
border  black,  with  a  fringe  of  light  hairs  alternating  with  dark,  making 
small  light  crescents. 

Hind  wings  similar  to  the  fore  wings;  the  inner  band  is  well  marked, 
broad,  crossed  by  the  dark  veins  of  the  wing;  outer  band  containing 
black  spots,  giving  the  appearance  of  fulvous  spots  pupilled  with  black, 
anal  edge  of  the  wing  black,  washed  with  fulvous;  sub-marginal  row  of 
light  yellow  lunules,  the  third  from  the  anal  angle  largest;  these  lunules 
sometimes  almost  lacking;  border  as  in  front  wings. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  yellowish  fulvous  with  yellow  spots  and 
black  patches;  a  rectangular  black  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  hinder 
edge;  this  joins  a  series  of  small  black  lunules  and  black  patches,  mak- 
ing a  bar  across  the  wing,  behind  which  is  a  wider  yellow  bar  made  in 
the  same  manner;  in  some  specimens  these  are  reduced;  almost  dis- 
appearing; but  there  is  always  a  dark  irregular  line  across  the  center 
of  the  wing;  a  sub-terminal  double  black  lunule  touching  the  hinder 


S2 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


margin  behind  the  large  black  spot;  a  small  costal  black  dot;  apex  and 
base  prevailing  color  of  the  light  bands;  a  fine  brown  line  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  outer  edge,  semicircular  between  the  veins  resembling  a 
border  of  lunules. 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  pale  buff  washed  with  umber-brown,  the 
light  spots  above  appearing,  usually  much  lighter  than  above,  even 
silvery  white,  many  fine  brown  lines  crossing  the  wings  or  enclosing 
light  spots;  the  row  of  black  spots  same  as  above;  a  sub-marginal  row 
of  lunules,  the  middle  one  large,  silvery,  the  others  more  or  less  obscure, 
in  good  examples  edged  with  brown  within  and  without;  border  as  in 
front  wings. 

Antennae  black,  ringed  with  white  at  the  joints,  knobs  same  color  as 
upper  surface;  body  above  dark  brown  or  black,  legs  color  of  under  sur- 
face of  wings,  under  side  of  abdomen  light. 

The  female  has  the  black  markings  of  the  upper  side  heavier  than  the 
male,  and  all  the  spots  pale  yellow.  The  markings  on  the  under  side  are 
heavier  than  in  the  male  sex.  In  the  male  the  under  side  is  pale  fulvous, 
spotted  with  yellow. 

Early  Stages — Unknown- 
Distribution — The  range  is  along  the  Pacific  coast  from  Oregon  to 
Arizona.  Dyar  reports  it  from  the  Kootenai  district  of  British  Columbia. 
Brandegee  has  two  from  near  Helena,  July  6,  1902;  one  July  2,  1903. 
Elrod  has  one  from  Flathead  lake,  July  1904.  Several  specimens  from  the 
Bear  Paw  Mountains  I  take  to  belong  to  this  species. 

THE  CAMILLUS  CRESCENT. 
Phyciodes  camillus,  Edwards,  Fig.  67. 


Fig.  G7.     Phyciodes  camillus. 

Butterfly — The  light  spots  on  the  male  are  paler  on  the  primaries,  on 
the  secondaries  brighter  fulvous.  The  dark  markings  on  the  under  side 
are  less  pronounced.  The  female  is  much  like  the  male.  Expanse,  male, 
1.30  inches,  33  mm.;  female,  1.50  inches,  38  mm. 

Early  Stages — Wholly  unknown. 

Distribution — The  species  is  reported  from  British  Columbia,  Mon- 
tana, Kansas  and  Texas.  In  Montana  taken  at  Sinyaleamin  Lake, 
Mission  Mountains,  Missoula,  and  at  Helena  (Brandegee).  Cooley  has 
collected  it  at  Bozeman.  Collected  by  Coubeaux  at  Big  Sandy. 


BUTTERf  "LIES  OF  MONTANA.  83 


A  Chrysalis. 


My  little  Maedchen  found  one  day 

A  curious  something  in  her  play, 

That  was  not  fruit,  nor  flower,  nor  seed; 

It  was  not  anything  that  grew, 

Or  crept,  or  climbed,  or  swam,  or  flew; 

Had  neither  legs  nor  wings,  indeed; 

And  yet  she  was  not  sure,  she  said, 

Whether  it  was  alive  or  dead. 

She  brought  it  in  her  tiny  hand 
To  see  if  I  would  understand, 
And  wondered  when  I  made  reply, 
"You've  found  a  baby  butterfly." 
"A  butterfly  is  not  like  this," 
With  doubtful  look  she  answered  me. 
So  then  I  told  her  what  would  be 
Some  day  within  the  chrysalis: 

How,  slowly,  in  the  dull  brown  thing 
Now  still  as  death,  a  spotted  wing, 
And  then  another,  would  unfold, 
Till  from  the  empty  shell  would  fly 
A  pretty  creature,  by  and  by, 
All  radiant  in  blue  and  gold. 

"And  will  it,  truly?"  questioned  she — 
Her  laughing  lips  and  eager  eyes 
All  in  a  sparkle  of  surprise — 
"And  shall  your  little  Maedchen  see?" 
"She  shall!"  I  said.      How  could  I  tell 
That  ere  the  worm  within  its  shell 
Its  gauzy,  splendid  wings  had  spread, 
My  little  Maedchen  would  be  dead? 

Today  the  butterfly  has  flown — 
She  was  not  here  to  see  it  fly, — 
And  sorrowing  I  wonder  why 
The  empty  shell  is  mine  alone. 
Pernaps  the  secret  lies  in  this: 
I  too  had  found  a  cnrysalis, 
And  death  that  robbed  me  of  delight 
Was  but  the  radiant  creature's  flight! 

—MARY  EMILY  BRADLEY. 


S4 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


GENUS   POLYGONIA,  HUBNER. 
The  Angle-Wings.     Fig.  67. 

Butterfly — Medium  sized  or  small,  characterized  by  the  more  or  less 
deeply  excavated  inner  and  outer  margins  of  the  fore  wings,  the  tail-like 
projection  of  the  hind  wings  at  the  extremity  of  the  third  median  nervule, 
the  closed  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  and  the  thick  covering  of  scales  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  palpi,  while  on  the  sides  and  tops  of  the  palpi  there 
are  but  few  scales.  They  are  tawny  on  the  upper  side,  spotted  and 
bordered  with  black;  on  the  under  side  mimicking  the  bark  of  trees  and 
dead  leaves,  often  with  a  C-shaped  silvery  spot  on  the  hind  wings.  The 
insects  hibernate  in  the  butterfly  form  in  hollow  trees,  under  bark  and 
leaves,  and  like  places. 

Early  Stages — The  eggs  taller  than  broad,  tapering  upward  from  the 
base.  The  sides  are  ribbed.  They  are  laid  in  clusters  or  in  a  short 
string-like  series.  The  caterpillar  is  cylindrical,  adorned  with  rows  of 
branching  spines.  They  feed  upon  the  nettle,  elm,  hopvine,  and  other 
plants 


Fig.  67.     Venation  of  Polygonia. 


Key  to  Species. 

Small,  under  side  crossed  by  a  pale  gray  or  white  band  gracilis. 

Under  side  marked  with  dark  and  pale  shades,     heavy  black     border 

above  faunus. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  85 

Under  side  paler,  yellowish  brown  zephyrus. 

More  decided  markings  than  the  last  satyrus. 

Under  side  pale  purplish  gray  hylas. 

Under  side  very  dark,  paler  irrorations  silenus. 

THE   FAUN. 

Polygonia  faunus  Edwards.  Fig.  68. 


Fig.  68.     Polygonia  faunus. 

Butterfly — Upper  surface  fulvous,  dark,  the  hind  wings  darker.  Next 
the  apex  of  the  fore  wings,  the  base  of  both  wings,  and  the  inner  margin 
of  hind  wings  dusky.  Border  of  wings  broad  and  dark  brown  or  black, 
in  the  fore  wings  dentate  at  the  apex,  and  bordered  within  by  a  series 
of  sub-obsolete  tawny  lunules.  There  are  two  spots  and  a  bar  in  the  cell, 
and  a  bar  at  the  end,  but  there  are  only  three  round  spots  between  the 
cell  and  the  posterior  angle,  the  lowest  supplemented  by  a  shade  above  it. 
The  spots  are  very  dark  or  black. 

Hind  wings  with  dark  ferruginous  next  the  border,  shading  toward 
the  middle,  a  series  of  paler  spots  next  the  border  and  an  irregular  roof 
of  black  spots  across  the  middle. 

Under  side  of  both  wings  dark  brown  on  the  base,  with  an  irregular 
common  blackish  band  across  the  middle,  darkest  on  its  outer  edge  and 
within  the  abdominal  margin,  where  its  outline  is  obliquely  serrated. 
Beyond  this  band  the  color  is  pale  brown  mottled  with  grayish  white, 
which  is  clearest  on  the  fore  wings.  The  whole  surface  is  clouded  with 
vinous,  and  more  or  less  crossed  by  fine  abbreviated  streaks  of  brown. 
Apex  of  fore  wings  yellow-brown,  with  three  small  lanceolate  ferrugin- 
ous spots,  the  lower  enclosing  a  blue  or  green  point.  The  outer  margin 
of  both  wings,  below  these,  is  bordered  by  a  series  of  confluent  blue-black, 
sometimes  olive-green  spots  following  the  outline  of  the  wing.  Within 
these  is  another  series  of  rounded  spots  of  the  same  color.  On  the  disk 
of  the  hind  wings  is  a  white  G  varying  in  form. 

Early  Stages — The  mature  larva  is  one  and  a  quarter  inches  long; 


86  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

head  black,  with  two  branching  horns  and  a  few  scattered  white  hairs. 
Upper  side  of  joints  2  to  6  brick-red,  stripped  transversely  with  blue, 
yellow  and  black,  a  few  white  hairs  on  joint  2.  There  are  four  branching 
yellow  spines,  with  black  tips,  on  joints  3  and  4,  and  six  on  joints  5  and  6. 
Joints  7  to  12  are  white,  with  a  faintly  marked  black  stripe  along  the 
back,  each  joint  with  three  transverse  yellow  bands  and  two  oblique 
black  spots.  These  joints  have  each  seven  spines,  all  white  except  the 
one  next  the  lowest,  which  is  brown.  Last  two  joints  black,  with  seven 
and  four  Opines  respectively.  Sides  red,  with  two  black  bands,  the  lowest 
spotted  with  blue. 

The  chrysalis  is  grayish  brown  Head  with  two  bi-forked  horns,  the 
outer  point  very  short;  thorax  with  an  elevated  keel-like  ridge  on  top, 
with  a  small  tubercle  on  each  side 

The  food  plants  are  gooseberry,  currant,  willow  and  birch. 

Distribution — It  is  found  from  New  England  south  to  the  Carolinas 
and  west  to  the  Pacific. 

The  collection  at  the  University  embraces  specimens  from  Missoula, 
Sinyaleamin  Lake,  Flathead  Lake,  Swan  Lake  (many). 

At  Swan  lake,  August  20,  1903,  faunus  was  abnudant  at  Bond's  cabin, 
but  was  very  hard  to  take.  It  was  flying  about  the  lake  shore  and  around 
the  cabins  of  Bond  and  Groom,  forest  rangers,  in  common  with  Vanessa 
J.  album,  Vanessa  californica  Polygonia  satyrus  and  P.  zephryus. 
Although  quite  abundant  comparatively  few  were  taken.  Brandegee  has 
taken  it  at  Helena. 


Fig.  69.  Polygonia  faunus  on  the  left,  black  satyrus  in  the  middle, 
zephyrus  on  the  right,  under  side  of  wings. 

THE  SATYR. 

Polygonia  satyrus,  Edwards.    Fig.  69. 

Butterfly — Expanse  1.75  to  2.00  inches,  45-51  mm.  Tawny  or  fulvous 
above.  Wings  with  dark  brown,  almost  black  border.  A  row  of  lunules 
of  lighter  color  than  ground  work  within  the  black  border.  General  color 
much  lighter  than  faunus.  Inside  of  the  lunules  is  a  wash  of  reddish 
brown,  almost  making  a  line  across  both  wings,  more  conspicuous  on 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA. 


87 


hind  wings.  Bases  of  wings  brownish  black  Under  side  of  wings  dark, 
with  light  mottlings  and  marblings.  Apex  of  fore  wings  lighter.  The 
light  markings  make  a  band  across  the  wings,  the  inner  margin  of 
which  crosses  the  middle  of  the  wings.  A  light  patch  usually  on  costa 
of  fore  wings,  between  light  band  and  base.  Wings  deeply  excised.  Legs 
and  feet  light  colored.  Antennae  ribbed  below,  with  black  clubs,  the 
ends  of  which  are  of  the  same  color  as  the  upper  surface  of  wings. 

There  are  two  forms.  One  is  very  dark  below,  almost  black,  with  a. 
white  open  C  like  in  faunus.  The  other  is  much  lighter  below,  the  color 
being  a  dark  brown,  the  spot  on  hind  wings  forming  a  G,  larger.  The 
under  surface  is  broken  by  darker  brown  patches  extending  crosswise  of 
the  wings.  Above  the  wings  are  lighter  and  the  black  spots  much 
smaller. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  nettle. 

Distribution — From  Ontario  to  the  Western  part  of  the  United  States, 
It  has  been  collected  in  the  state  by  Elrod  at  Missoula,  at  Sinyaleamin 
and  Swan  lakes;  by  Cooley  at  Bozeman,  September,  1899;  by  Brandegee 
at  Helena. 

THE  ZEPHYR 

Polygonia  zephyrus,  Edwards.     Fig.  70. 


Fig.  70.      Polygonia  zephyrus. 

Butterfly — Upper  side  of  wings  similar  to  faunus  and  satyrus,  ful- 
vous, marked  with  yellowish  toward  the  outer  margins,  the  dark  mark- 
ings upon  which  are  not  as  heavy  as  in  the  other  species.  Below  the 
wings  are  much  paler  than  in  faunus  or  satyrus,  reddish  brown,,  marbled 
with  darker  brown  lines;  the  band  across  the  wings  is  quite  light,  the 
female  with  a  row  of  small  light  yellowish  spots  pupiled  with  black. 

Distribution — Rocky  Mountain  region  from  Colorado  to  California, 
and  from  Oregon  to  New  Mexico  (Holland).  Taken  in  Montana  by  Cooley 


88  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

at  Bozeman,  by  Wiley  at  Miles  City,  Brandegee  at  Helena,  and  by  Elrod 
at  Missoula.  One  worn  specimen  from  Bear  Paw  Mountains  belongs  to 
this  species. 

THE    GRACEFUL   ANGLE-WING. 
Polygonia  gracilis,  Grote  and  Robinson. 

Butterfly — A  small  species,  rather  heavily  marked  with  dark  or 
blackish  on  the  upper  side.  The  wings  on  the  under  side  are  very  dark, 
crossed  about  the  middle  by  a  pale  gray  or  white  band,  shading  off  to- 
ward the  outer  margins.  This  light  band  serves  as  a  means  of  easily 
identifying  the  species.  Expanse,  1.75  inches,  45  mm. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — The  species  has  been  found  on  White  Mountains  in 
New  Hampshire,  in  Maine,  Canada  and  British  America,  as  far  west  as 
Alaska. 

While  the  species  is  recorded  as  having  a  western  distribution  it 
has  not  been  taken  by  the  writers  in  the  state,  nor  is  it  reported  in  the 
other  collections. 

THE   SILENUS  ANGLE-WING. 
Polygonia  oreas.  var.  silenus,  Edwards. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  2.2  inches,  56  mm.  Primaries  moderately  in- 
cised; slightly  dentated;  tail  long,  broad  and  straight;  a  prominent 
dentation  between  tail  and  inner  angle,  which  last  is  much  pronounced. 
Upper  side  deep  red-fulvous,  clouded  with  brown-ferruginous  next  base 
of  each  wing  and  on  disks,  and  spotted  with  black,  hind  margins  have 
a  broad  cinnamon  border  of  nearly  uniform  width,  black  with  a  ferrugin- 
ous tint;  on  the  inner  side  a  series  of  separate,  pale  fulvous  spots,  yel- 
lowish next  apex  of  primaries,  irregular  in  size,  lanseolete;  primaries 
have  a  large  sub-apical  ferruginous  patch  on  costal  margin,  another  near 
inner  angle,  a  broad  black  spot  from  costa  covering  the  arc,  two  oval 
spot  in  cell  placed  transversely  and  sometimes  confluent,  two  others  in 
first  and  second  median  spaces,  and  a  large  sub-ovate  spot  on  sub- 
median  interspace  extending  partly  over  the  one  next  above.  Secondaries 
have  the  entire  costal  margin  brownish-black,  a  large  irregular  black  patch 
on  disk  between  upper  branch  of  the  sub-costal  and  the  median  nervure; 
a  brownish-ferruginous  patch  at  base  of  the  upper  median  nervules;  the 
whole  extra-discal  area  suffused  with  ferruginous,  passing  imperceptibly 
into  the  marginal  border;  fringes  fuscous,  with  a  very  little  white  in  the 
emarginations. 

Under  side  mostly  in  shades  of  black  or  black-brown,  the  entire  sur- 
face, except  where  deep  black  prevails,  covered  with  fine  abbreviated 
streaks  darker  than  the  ground;  apex  of  the  primaries  faintly  tinted  with 
olivaceous;  costal  mragin  brown,  with  a  few  gray  scales  near  apex,  a 
whitish  patch  beyond  extremity  of  cell  and  a  smaller  one  nearer  base; 
base  of  primaries  brown,  of  secondaries  brown  next  costa,  black  towards 
abdominal  margin;  the  disks  crossed  by  a  common,  broad,  black  band, 
very  irregular  in  its  exterior  outline,  on  lower  part  of  secondaries  merg- 
ing into  the  black  basal  area,  outside  the  band,  on  primaries  and  upper 
part  of  secondaries,  grayish-white  for  a  little  space,  densely  streaked, 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  89 

and  beyond  to  margin  blackish -brown;  the  extra-discal  points  nearly  or 
quite  lost  on  the  dark  ground;  sub-marginal  crescents  black,  obsolescent, 
often  wanting  altogether;  in  the  cell  of  primaries  three  elongated, 
narrow,  deep  black  spots,  two  of  which  lie  along  the  costal  nervure,  sep- 
arated by  a  very  small  interval,  and  each  edged  by  a  velvety  black  line; 
the  third  along  median  nervure,  illy  defined  without  such  edging;  the 
spot  on  disk  of  secondaries  dead  white,  bent  at  right  angles;  the  lower 
limb  straight,  thick  abruptly  sloping  to  a  point  by  the  cutting  away  of 
its  upper  side;  the  upper  branch  narrower,  slightly  curved,  nearly  as 
wide  at  top  as  elsewhere  and  ending  bluntly;  fringes  with  the  white 
area  more  extended  than  on  upper  side. 

Body  above  black,  covered  with  ferruginous  hairs,  below  black, 
sometimes  with  a  gray  shade;  legs  gray-brown,  palpi  black  at  base  and 
in  front,  with  whitish  hairs  at  sides,  ferruginous  at  top;  antennae  black 
above,  fulvous  below;  club  black,  fulvous  at  tip. 

Female  expands  from  2.1  to  2  3  inches.  In  shape  very  like  the  male; 
upper  side  dull  yellow-fulvous,  the  spots  large;  under  side  more  brown 
than  black,  the  extra-discal  area  to  margin  pretty  uniform  in  shade,  the 
ground  being  dark  gray,  nearly  lost  in  the  denseness  of  the  brown 
streaks;  sub-marginal  points  and  crescents  obsolescent;  silver  mark  of 
same  shape  as  in  the  male,  often  quite  as  heavy. 

Early  Stages — Larva  unknown. 

Distribution — Found  in  California,  Washington,  Vancouver  Island, 
and  Montana.  We  have  not  taken  it. 


90  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE  TORTISE  SHELLS. 
Genus  Eugonia  Hubner.     Fig.  71. 

Butterfly — Medium  sized  insects,  wings  above  generally  some  shade 
of  black  or  brown,  marked  with  red,   yellow  or  orange.     The  head   is 
moderately   large,   eyes   hairy,   palpi     more     or     less 
scaled,  prothoracic   legs   feeble   and   hairy.     The   cut 
shows  the  wing  venation.     The  cell  of  the  primaries 
may  or  many  not  be  closed.     The  cell  of  the  second- 
aries is  open.    The  fore  wings  have  the  outer  margins 
more  or  less  deeply  excavated  between  the  extremities 
of  the  upper   radial   and   the   first   median   veins,   at 
which  points  the  wings  are  rather  strongly  produced 
The  hind  wings  have  the  outer  margin  denticulate, 
strongly  produced  at  the  extremity  of  the  third  median 
nervule. 

Early  Stages — The  eggs  are  short,  ovoid,  broader 
at  the  base,  ridged  at  the  summit.  They  are  generally 
laid  in  large  clusters  upon  the  twigs  of  the  food  plant. 
The  mature  caterpillar  is  cylindrical,  adorned  with 
long,  branching  spines  in  longitudinal  rows.  It  feeds 
upon  the  elm,  willow,  and  poplar.  The  insects  hiber- 
nate in  the  imago  form,  and  are  among  the  first  to 
appear  in  the  spring. 

THE   COMPTON    TORTISE.     Eugonia   j.   album,    Boisduval    Leconte. 

Fig.  72. 


71.      Venation   of 
Eugonia  J.  album. 


Fig.  72.     Eugonia  j.  album. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings,  2.50  to  2.75  in.,  64  to  70  mm.  Upper  sur- 
face dull  yellowish,  dusky  at  base,  washed  more  or  less  with  rusty  brown, 
especially  on  the  basal  half.  Outer  border  of  fore  wings  dull  black  with 
a  double  crenate  line  and  two  more  or  less  large  costal  bars — one  at  the 
end  of  the  cell,  and  the  other  between  the  cell  and  a  white  sub-apical 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  91 

patch;  a  black  spot  in  the  cell  with  three  black  spots  below  the  cell,  the 
one  nearest  the  base  of  the  wing  quite  large. 

The  hind  wings  have  a  black  and  brown  border  a  little  within  the 
margin,  the  yellow  outside  sprinkled  with  brown  atoms;  a  large  black 
space  below  the  costa,  beyond  which  is  a  whitish  patch. 

Under  side  grayish  brown,  the  usual  darker  band  across  the  middle 
which  on  the  hind  wings  is  but  little  darker  than  the  base;  beyond  this 
greenish  white  the  whole  surface  finely  reticulated  with  brown  lines. 
There  are  the  usual  three  elongate  patches  edged  with  dark  brown  in  the 
cell  of  the  fore  wings.  The  submarginal  row  of  ashy-blue  lunules  be- 
tween these  and  the  median  band.  The  lunules  do  not  reach  the  apex 
of  the  fore  wings. 

Early  Stages — The  mature  larva  is  two  inches,  50  mm.  long,  head  with 
black  markings  on  the  sides,  thickly  set  with  little  points  and  with 
short  spines;  somewhat  cordate,  the  vertices  surmounted  by  two  shining 
black,  thick  spines,  verticeliated  near  the  tip.  The  dorsal  and  subdorsal 
rows  of  spines  shining  black  except  at  the  base,  which  is  reddish,  with 
long  branches,  those  of  the  anterior  joints  more  thickly  branched  than 
the  others.  The  super-  and  sub-stigmatted  row  reddish  tipped  with 
black. 

The  chrysallis  is  one  inch  long,  of  a  beautiful  color,  delicately  re- 
ticulated, with  six  golden  spots  on  the  bac't. 

The  food-plant  is  not  known,  but  Prof.  Fernald's  surmise  is  that 
it  may  be  willow.  The  butterfly  hibernates,  the  new  brood  appearing 
about  the  middle  of  August. 

Distribution — It  is  a  northern  form,  being  found  in  Pennsylvania  upon 
the  summits  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  thence  northward  to  Labrador  on 
the  east  and  Alaska  on  the  west.  It  is  always  a  rather  scarce  insect, 
says  Holland.  See  note  accompanying"' the  genus.  It  is  occasionally 
found  at  Missoula.  Around  the  biological  laboratory  at  Flathead  lake 
it  is  often  captured.  At  Schultz's  cabin,  which  is  along  Aeneas  trail 
over  the  Swan  range,  it  is  quite  common,  but  Bond's  cabin  at  Swan  lake 
is  the  greatest  collecting  field  in  the  state,  perhaps  in  the  country,  for 
this  species.  Hundreds  were  taken  here  in  two  or  three  days  in  August. 
1903.  Wiley  has  one  specimen  from  Miles  City,  July  15,  1892. 


92  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE   CALIFORNIA   TORTOISE-SHELL,    Eugonia    californica,    Boisduval. 
Fig.  73. 


Fig.  73.     Eugonia  californica. 

Butterfly — Similar  in  general  shape  and  appearance  to  E.  J.  album, 
but  easily  distinguished  by  the  following  peculiarities. 

Color — Deep  fulvous,  spotted  with  black  and  having  a  black  border. 
A  black  bar  across  the  cell.  On  the  underside  dark  brown,  with  a  light 
border.  The  entire  surface  marked  with  fine  lines.  Expanse  2.00-2.25 
inches,  51-&7  mm. 

Early  Stages— The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  Ceanothus. 

Distribution — It  ranges  from  Colorado  to  California  and  as  far  north 
as  Oregon,  east  to  Miles  City. 

In  1900  californica  was  quite  common  up  Hell  Gate  canyon  near 
Missoula,  many  having  been  brought  in  late  in  May  and  early  in  June. 
August  20  it  was  still  abundant  at  Swan  Lake,  giving  evidence  of  two 
broods.  It  is  not  infrequent  about  Flathead  lake,  and  evidently  covers 
much  unexplored  western  territory.  Wiley  reports  it  at  Miles  City 
In  1903  the  earliest  butterfly  at  Missoula  was  a  californica  taken  Febru- 
ary 19. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  93 


Eugonia  J-Album  in  Western  Montana. 

"This  insect  is  generally  rare,"  writes  Holland  in  his  Butterfly  Book. 
In  several  places  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  it  may  be  taken  in  large 
numbers.  At  the  upper  end  of  Echo  Lake,  next  to  the  Swan  range,  we 
have  never  failed  to  take  it  during  our  annual  pilgramages  to  the  summit 
of  the  range,  MacDougal  mountain.  The  old  submerged  cabin  in  the 
lake  is  a  safe  refuge.  The  cabin  on  the  bank,  now  deserted,  offers  a 
safe  retreat  from  enemies  save  the  human  entomologist,  who  finds  here 
a  great  opportunity  for  capturing  a  rare  specimen. 

But  it  is  at  Swan  Lake  that  Eugonia  J.  album  flourishes  in  its  splen- 
dor, magnificence  and  abundance.  This  beautiful  little  sheet  of  water 
lies  cradled  between  the  Swan  and  Mission  ranges.  At  its  upper  end, 
on  the  eastern  shore,  are  three  cabins.  The  cabins  are  along  the  trail 
which  leads  up  the  lake,  through  the  Swan  river  forest  above  the  lake 
to  the  wagon  road  leading  to  Ovando,  Missoula,  and  other  places.  A 
clearing  of  a  few  acres  is  around  the  cabins.  Dense  woods  come  to 
the  clearings  on  all  sides.  In  August  the  sun  is  intensely  hot  in  the 
small  open  patches  about  the  cabins.  About  these  small  log  huts,  seek- 
ing the  shade  of  the  rude  porch  or  the  interior  of  the  stable,  Eugonia  J. 
album  was  to  be  had  by  the  dozens.  They  would  alight  on  the  logs  of 
the  buidings,  the  stumps  in  the  clearing,  the  fence  rails,  and  the  bark  of 
the  living  trees.  After  alighting  they  remained  perfectly  quiet,  so  that 
one  could  carefully  adjust  the  net  over  them,  and  with  a  quick  jerk  scoop 
them  into  the  net.  In  this  way  a  half  dozen  were  often  fluttering  in  the 
net  at  once.  It  was  practically  impossible  to  capture  them  on  the  wing, 
so  quickly  can  they  dodge  and  so  swiftly  do  they  fly. 

When  the  butterflies  alighted  on  the  bark  of  the  fir,  cottonwood  or 
birch,  upon  which  they  were  generally  taken,  they  were  almost  invisible. 
It  was  interesting  to  see  them  remain  in  the  same  quiet  attitude  on  the 
top  rail  of  a  fence  or  the  skinned  log  in  the  cabin,  where  they  were  very 
conspicuous,  as  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree  where  they  were  invisible.  Pro- 
tective resemblance  was  in  this  species  beautifully  illustrated,  and  those 
who  made  the  trip  to  Swan  Lake  in  August,  1903,  will  not  soon  forget 
how  the  insects  were  controlled  by  instinct. 

Other  insects  were  out,  and  were  captured.  Eugonia  californica  was 
much  less  common  than  E.  J.  album,  while  an  occasional  Polygonia 
faunus  was  picked  up.  The  western  admiral  was  rare.  Robberflies  were 
out  in  abundance,  as  were  also  bees.  Two  species  of  flies  were  captured 
which  mimic  bees,  and  a  dozen  species  of  butterflies  were  found  in 
greater  or  less  abundance.  Nowhere  in  Montana  have  we  seen  more 
butterflies  at  one  place  or  captured  more  in  one  day  than  at  Groom's 
cabin  at  the  upper  end  of  Swan  Lake,  when  the  species  under  discussion 
was  taken  in  such  abundance. 

In  early  August,  1904,  another  visit  was  made  to  the  cabins  at  Swan 
Lake.  J.  Album  was  in  much  less  abundance,  and  difficult  to  take  be- 


94  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

cause  of  the  great  number  of  baldfaced  hornets  which  seemed  to  have 
possession.      Not  a  Polygonia  was  seen. 

In  1905  album  was  carce.  Its  place  was  taken  by  the  bald-faced 
hornet.  This  latter  insect  practically  prevented  butterfly  collecting. 

MOUNTAIN  SWARMING  OF  VANESSA  CALIFORNIA. 

During  an  ascent  of  Mount  Shasta,  made  in  August,  1889,  a  most  in- 
teresting occurrence  was  noted  in  the  flight  of  countless  myriads  of  but- 
terflies (Vanessa  californica)  at  an  altitude  far  above  snow-line. 

In  our  early  morning  climb  of  August  29,  of  the  above  year,  we  had 
left  our  horses  at  half  past  4  o'clock,  at  what  is  known  as  "Horse  Camp," 
at  very  near  snowline,  where  there  were  many  small  snowfields  close 
about  us.  Our  progress  was  very  slow  and  tedious,  being  all  of  the  time 
over  loose,  sliding  fragmentary  rocks,  or  the  almost  smooth,  hard-frozen 
surface  of  the  icy  snow,  and  which  latter  did  not  soften  till  long  after  the 
sun  had  swung  high  enough  to  shine  full  upon  it.  Some  little  time  after 
daylight,  but  long  before  we  could  see  the  sun,  as  he  was  hidden  from  us 
by  the  high  crest  of  a  sharp  ridge  on  the  southwest  aspect  of  the  mountain 
(our  ascent  being  made  from  Sissons,  west  of  the  mountain),  a  few  signs 
of  insect  life  were  seen  in  the  shape  of  "snow-fleas,"  two  or  three  large- 
winged  grasshoppers,  and,  occasionally  at  first,  a  butterfly.  The  last  two 
were  stiffened  by  the  cold  as  if  they  were  there  from  the  day  previous. 
The  latter  insect  increased  much  in  numbers  as  we  ascended,  and  were 
many  of  them  found  in  among  and  under  the  loose  stones  as  well  as  a 
few  upon  them. 

At  perhaps  half  past  9  we  came  to  a  point  upon  which  the  sun  had 
long  been  shining,  and  here  they  were  flying  in  the  air,  the  flight  being 
in  a  south-easterly  direction.  From  here  they  seemed  to  increase  very 
rapidly  in  numbers  up  the  remainder  of  the  ascent  to  well  toward  the 
summit.  The  latter  was  reached  at  11:20  A.  M.;  the  temperature  was 
noted  at  42  Fah.  in  the  open  air.  We  remained  here  about  a  half  hour, 
then  passed  down  by  way  of  the  Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  and  then  out  on 
the  southerly  face  of  the  mountain.  We  again  encountered  our  beauti- 
ful friends  at  not  farther  than  six  or  eight  hundred  feet  below  the  ex- 
treme peak,  and  now  in  countless  numbers,  filling  the  air  with  their 
flashing  wings,  and  all  passing  in  the  same  direction  as  observed  during 
the  ascent — towards  the  southeast.  This  strange  sight  continued  until 
we  seemed  to  pass  below  them,  at  an  altitude  of  between  11,000  and  12,000 
feet.  The  fact  of  its  being  a  continuous  flight  of  these  insects  across 
the  mountain  in  one  direction  during  the  warm  part  of  the  day — a  period 
of  nearly  five  hours — is  beyond  question.  That  it  was  in  progress  one 
or  more  days  previous  to  that  upon  which  I  observed  it  is  an  easy  deduc- 
tion from  the  fact  of  the  numbers  of  the  insects  found  among  the  rocks 
and  stones  while  yet  stiffened  by  the  cold  of  the  night  air.  How  much 
longer  it  may  have  continued  I  had  no  means  of  knowing. 

Where  they  could  have  come  from,  in  such  vast  numbers,  and  what 
brought  them  to  such  a  high  altitude,  is  of  course  a  matter  of  pure  specu- 
lation. 

I  had  no  means  of  preserving  specimens  of  these  insects  except  to 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA.  95 

place  them  between  the  leaves  of  a  notebook;  in  this  way  some  were 
kept  for  identification.  A  gentleman  whom  I  met  a  few  days  later  pro- 
nounced the  species  to  be  Vanessa  milberti,  but  after  presentation  of  the 
account  of  the  flight,  with  the  specimens,  before  the  Biological  Society 
of  Washington  it  was  determined  for  me  by  Mr.  Howard  as  Vanessa' 
californica. — C.  L.  Hopkins  in  Insect  Life. 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


THE    MOURNING   CLOAK;    THE   CAMBERWELL    BEAUTY,    Euvanessa 
antiopa.   Linnaeus.     Fig.  75. 


Fig.  75.     Euvanessa  antiopa,  upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  wings. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings,  2.5  to  3.5  inches,  64  to  90  mm. 
Upper  surface  rich  dark  maroon-brown  the  border  yellow  sprinkled  with 
brown,  and  preceded  by  a  black  band  containing  a  row  of  blue  spots.    The 
costa  is  mottled  with  yellow  and  contains  two  yellow  patches. 

Under  surface  traversed  by  numerous  fine  black  abbreviated  lines, 
the  outer  margin  pale  buff  sprinkled  with  brown,  and  preceded  by  a  series 
of  confluent  gray,  blue-black-edged  lunules. 

Early  Stages — The  female  deposits  the  eggs  in  a  cluster  round  the 
twigs  of  willow,  elms,  or  poplar  near  the  petiole  of  a 
leaf,  upon  which  the  young  larvae  may  feed. 
The  mature  larvae  are  two  inches  long,  black, 
minutely  dotted  with  white  which  gives  them 
a  grayish  look;  with  a  dorsal  row  of  brick-red  spots. 
KB.  Head  black,  roughened  with  small  black  tubercles. 

B.         The  spines  on  the  body  are  black,  rather  long,  slight- 
•&        ly  branching.     There  are  four  on  joints  2  and  3,  six 
^^^tr       on  Joints  4  and  5,  and  seven  each  on  joints  6  to  12. 
:?&  The  last  joint  has  two  pairs  of  short  spines,  one  be- 

/7  hind  the  other. 

The  chrysallis  is  dark  brown  or  gray,  with  two 
rows  of  spines  along  the  back  of  the  abdomen,  two 
on  the  head  in  front,  three  on  the  edge  of  the  wing- 
covers  on  each  side,  and  a  thin  prominence  on  the 


Fig.  74.  Euvanessa  anti 
pa,  j.,st  «merging  from  middle  of  the  thorax. 

the  chrysalis. 

Distribution — Generally   over   the   North 


Temperate   Zone.       It   has 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA. 


97 


been  taken  at  Missoula,  McDonald  and  Sinyaleamin  lakes  in  the  Mission 
mountains,  Flathead  lake,  and  Swan  lake.  At  Missoula  antiopa  and 
milberti  are  the  first  signs  of  spring.  Branedgee  has  collected  it  at 
Helena,  Wiley  at  Miles  City.  It  is  a  handsome  ornament  for  a  col- 
lection. Tolerably  common  in  the  mountains  near  Big  Sandy.  Collected 
6y  Coues  along  the  49th  parallel  in  1874. 

Stridulation  in  Euvanessa  Antiopa. 

Althougn  the  sound  made  by  this  butterfly  without  doubt  is  the  ex- 
pression of  certain  emotions,  be  it  of  anger  or  of  love,  since  it  is  not 
made  by  the  emissions  of  the  breath,  we   cannot,  I  think,  consider  it 
more  than  elementary  voice,  and   in  the  present  instance  a  singularly 
erratic  development  of  its  elements.      It  may  be  that 
"In  Lorranise  ther  notis  be 
Full  swetir  than  in  this  contre," 

for  English  entomologists  are  I  believe,  generally  of  opinion  that  the 
sound  which  butterflies  make  is  caused  by  their  rubbing  their  wings  to- 
gether in  their  ardor.  In  the  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine  for  Feb- 
ruary, 1877,  page  208,  I  find  the  following  notice: 

"In  1872,  a  female  antiopa  came  into  my  possession  in  a  hibernating 
condition,  and  in  that  state  she  would,  when  disturbed,  partially  expand 
her  wings,  and  at  the  same  times  was  produced  a  grating  sound,  which 
seemed  to  come  from  the  base  of  the  wings. — A.  H.  Jones,  Shrublands, 
Eltham." 

Let  anyone  now  take  a  dried  specimen  of  this  butterfly  from  the 
cabinet  and  grasping  the  fore  wing  by  its  front  edge  rub  it  backwards 
and  forwards  over  the  hinder  one,  so  that  the  bases  meet,  but  being  at 
the  same  time  careful  not  to  crumible  the  wings  and  so  produce  a  false 
sound.  We  will  then  without  fail  hear  the  sweet  secrets  of  antiopa, 
which  are  beautiful  and  delicate  in  expression,  recalling  the  trickle  of  the 
brooklet. 

I  may  notice  that  Vanessa  butterflies  are  renowned  and  well-known 
as  stridulators  on  account  of  their  large  size,  but  that  nearly  all  butter- 
flies rub  their  wings  together  when  under  the  influence  of  the  emotion 
of  love,  and  since  it  is  the  result  of  friction  to  produce  a  striated  surface, 
many  of  these  smaller  ones  must  have  organs  of  sound  too  fine  for  human 
sense.  My  own  researches  have  always  been  circumscribed  from  a  want 
of  adequate  microscopic  power. — A.  H.  Swinton  in  Insect  Life. 

MILBERT'S  TORTOISE  SHELL,  Aglais  milberti,  Godart.     Fig.  76. 


Fig.  7G.     Aglais  milberti 


98  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings  1.6-2.55  in.,  40  to  65  mm.  Upper  surface 
brownish  black,  with  a  broad  fulvous  band  between  the  middle  and  outer 
margin,  paler  on  its  inner  edge.  On  the  fore  wings  the  pale  band  con- 
tains a  black  patch  on  the  costa,  with  a  white  spot  on  one  or  both  sides. 
There  are  two  fulvous  spots  in  the  cell.  The  border  is  composed  of  two 
parts,  the  inner  black,  the  outer  a  black  brown,  crenate  line  on  each  side 
of  which  it  is  a  little  paler.  The  black  on  the  hind  wing  supports  a 
row  of  violet  lunules.  Underside  dark  brown  with  the  usual  wavy  lines 
and  spots;  the  outer  half  yellowish  brown  with  a  submarginal  of  gray 
blue  lunules  which  are  black  edged. 

Larva — The  mature  larva  is  a  little  more  than  an  inch  long,  with  a 
black  head  sprinkled  with  minute  whitish  dots,  from  which  spring  pale 
hairs.  The  body  is  nearly  black  above,  with  small  white  dots  and  pale 
hairs,  which  give  it  a  grayish  color.  The  spines  are  arranged  as  in 
antiopa,  and  are  black  and  branching.  It  has  a  greenish  yellow  lateral 
line  above  which  is  a  bro"ken  line  of  brighter  orange  yellow  shade.  The 
larvae  are  found  on  the  wild  nettle,  and  there  are  two  broods  in  a  season. 
Chrysalis — The  chrysalis  is  .8  of  an  inch  long,  20  mm.,  slightly  angu- 
lar, the  frontal  beaks  short,  conoidal;  thoracis  projection  forming  nearly 
a  right  angle;  dorsal  spines  but  little  elevated. 

Distribution — It  ranges  from  the  mountains  of  West  Virginia  north- 
ward to  Nova  Scotia  and  Newfoundland,  thence  westward  to  the  Pacific. 
This  tortoise-shell  butterfly  is  one  of  the  first  harbingers  of  spring. 
Uusually  it  is  the  first  butterfly  seen  about  Missoula,  where  it  is  rather 
common.  It  is  usually  quite  abundant  around  the  biological  laboratory 
at  Flathead  Lake,  but  in  the  summer  of  1903  but  very  few  were  seen. 
Brandegee  has  collected  it  at  Helena,  and  Wiley  reports  it  rare  at  Miles 
City.  At  Swan  Lake  it  is  occasionally  seen,  probably  about  the  same 
in  numbers  as  at  Flathead  Lake,  owing  to  their  close  proximity.  Cou- 
beaux  says  it  is  very  abundant  all  over  the  country  about  Big  Sandy. 
Taken  by  Coues  at  Chief  Mountain,  August  22,  1874. 

THE  LADY  BUTTERFLIES,  Genus  Vanessa,  Doubleday.  Fig.  77. 
Butterfly — Medium-sized  insects;  the  wings  on  the  upper  side  are 
some  shade  of  black  or  brown,  marked  with  white,  red 
or  orange.  Head  rather  large,  eyes  hairy,  palpi  more  or 
less  heavily  scaled.  The  cut  shows  the  venation  of  the 
wings.  The  outer  margin  of  the  wings  is  dentate.  The 
wings  are  not  angulate,  as  in  vanessa,  but  are  more 
rounded.  The  ornamentation  of  the  under  side  tends  to 
become  ocellate,  or  marked  by  eye-like  spots.  Some  are 
ocellate. 

Egg — This  is  broadly  ovoid,  being  much  like  the  egg 
of  the  genus  Vanessa. 

Caterpillar — In    its    mature    form    it    is    covered    with 
spines. 
Fig.  77.  ~v^iation        Chrysalis — It  is  much  like  Euvanessa. 

of   vanessa. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTAMA.  99 

Genus   VANESSA. 

Key  to  Species. 

Ground  color  black,  band  on  fore  wings  and  outer  margin  of  hind 

wings  fulvous  atalanta 

Ground  color  fulvous.  2. 

Five  eyespots  on  underside  of  hind  wings  cardui. 

Four  distinct  eyespots  on  hind  wings;  black  bar  across  middle  of 

the  cell  of  the  primaries;  tawnier  ground  color  than  cardui 

caryae 

Hind  wings  with  two  large  ocelli  underneath  huntera 

THE   RED  ADMIRAL.     Vanessa  atalanta,  Linnaeus.       Fig.  78. 


Fig.  78.     Vanessa  atalanta. 

Butterfly — This  butterfly  is  brown  above,  with  a  fulvous  band  on 
the  outer  margin  of  the  hind  wings,  containing  brown  spots.  The  fore 
wings  are  also  crossed  by  a  fulvous  band,  which  begins  at  the  posterior 
angle  and  passes  through  the  cell.  There  is  a  white  bar  beyond  the 
cell,  also  a  marginal  row  of  about  five  spots,  the  fourth  from  the  costa 
being  the  largest.  The  spots  of  the  upperside  reappear  on  the  underside, 
but  the  brown  is  marbled  with  gray,  blue  and  green  and  there  is  a  sub- 
marginal  row  of  spots  oh  the  hind  wings.  Expanse  2.00  to  2:25  inches, 
51  to  57  mm. 

Early  Stages — The  eggs  are  green,  barrel  shaped.  The  young  larva 
is  greenish  brown,  and  furnished  with  ten  rows  of  black  curved  hairs. 
In  reaching  maturity  it  passes  four  moults.  The  mature  larva  is  1.3  in. 
long,  cylindrical  enlarged  in  the  middle  and  of  a  velvet  black  color, 
sprinkled  with  fine  velvet  points.  The  chrysalis  is  from  .85  to  .95  of  an 
inch  long,  cylindrical.  The  dorsal  tubercles  are  gilded.  The  color  is 
usually  gray.  The  food  plants  are  nettle  and  hop. 

Distribution — It  is  found  in  the  United  States  generally.  During  the 
summer  of  1903  it  was  taken  sparingly  at  the  Biological  Station  at  Flat- 
head  Lake.  It  has  not  been  seen  at  Missoula.  It  is  not  in  the  collec- 
tions of  Wiley,  Cooley  or  Brandegee,  and  must  be  very  rare  in  the  state. 
It  is  reported  by  Dyar  from  the  Kootenai  country. 


100  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE  THISTLE  BUTTERFLY  or  THE  PAINTED  LADY.     Vanessa  cardui. 
Linn.     Fig.  79. 


Fig.  79.     Vanessa  cardui. 

Butterfly — Pyrameis  cardui,  or  the  Painted  Lady,  has  an  upper  sur- 
face of  fulvous  color,  the  apical  portion  of  the  fore  wings  being  black. 
There  is  a  white  bar  in  the  apical  black  portion  of  the  fore  wings  and  a 
submarginal  row  of  four  white  spots;  the  inner  ones  being  the  smaller. 
The  underside  of  the  fore  wings  is  red  except  the  apical  part  which  is 
marked  as  above.  The  hind  wings  have  a  submarginal  row  of  five  black 
spots.  Both  wings  have  a  border,  the  hind  wings  having  a  broken  one. 
The  underside  of  the  hind  wing  is  marbled  with  brown,  gray  and  white. 
The  ocelli  contain  blue.  The  inner  row  of  the  margin  is  blue  or  lilac. 
Expanse  of  wing  1.75  to  2.5  inches,  45  to  G4  mm. 

Early  Stages — The  mature  larva  is  1.5  in.  long,  cylindrical,  rather 
robust.  The  general  color  is  a  delicate  lilac.  Between  the  joints  are 
two  lines  of  bright  yellow.  The  space  between  the  yellow  occupied  by 
two  narrow  black  lines  and  one  white  one.  There  are  seven  rows  of 
tubercles  from  which  arise  branching  spines.  The  head  is  black,  stigmata 
black  with  some  black  spots  over  the  body. 

Distribution — Most  widely  distributed  of  all  known  butterflies,  being 
found  in  almost  all  parts  of  the  temperate  regions  of  the  earth  and  in 
many  tropical  lands  in  both  hemispheres.  It  is  double  brooded  and  hiber- 
nates in  the  butterfly  state.  Found  all  over  Europe,  North  America, 
in  Africa, — save  in  the  dense  jungles  of  the  Congo. — in  South  America, 
in  Australia  and  in  many  islands  of  the  sea;  at  some  times  scarce  and 
then  at  seasons  it  fairly  swarms.  (Holland.) 

One  of  these  swarms  visited  Montana  in  the  spring  of  1899.  During 
late  May  and  early  June  there  were  hundreds  and  thousands  everywhere 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  noted  especially  at  Missoula  and  Helena. 
So  abundant  were  they  that  they  were  noticed  by  all,  and  considerable 
alarm  was  felt  by  some  lest  there  should  occur  later  an  outbreak  of  an 
insect  pest.  Happily  this  did  not  occur. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


101 


It  abounds  about  the  biological  laboratory  at  Flathead  lake,  and 
specimens  showing  great  variation  have  been  captured.  Brandegee  has 
taken  it  at  Helena  and  Wiley  at  Miles  City.  It  is  abundant  in  extreme 
ends  of  the  state.  Cooley  reports  it  abundant  at  Bozeman.  It  seems  to 
be  everywhere  one  of  the  most  common  insects.  It  is  known  among 
entomologists  to  be  the  most  widely  distributed  of  all  butterflies,  so  far 
as  present  knowledges  goes.  Its  food  plants  are  thistles,  (Carduus), 
Urtica,  (nettle),  Onicus,  (plumed  thistle),  and  Altheca  (marsh  mallow). 
Coubeaux  calls  it  abundantly  around  _.ig  Sandy.  Collected  by  Coues  along 
the  4th  parrallel  in  1874. 

THE  WEST  COAST  LADY.     Vanessa  caryae,  Hubner.     Fig.  80. 


Fig.  80.     Vanessa  caryae,  4  upper,  5  lower  surface. 

Butterfly — It  is  distinguished  from  P.  cardui  by  absence  of  the  roseate 
tint  peculiar  to  that  species.  It  has  a  complete  black  bar  across  the 
cell  in  the  primaries.  Expanse  2.00  in. 

Distribution — It  ranges  trom  Vancouver  to  Argentina;  found  as  far 
east  as  Utah.  Two  specimens  have  been  taken  at  Missoula.  As  it 
has  been  taken  by  no  one  else  Missoula  is  perhaps  as  far  east  as  it  will 
be  found. 

HUNTER'S  BUTTERFLY,  Vanessa  huntera,  Fabricius. 


Fig. 


Vanessa  huntera,  natural  size. 


102  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  2.00  to  2.25  inches,  50  to  64  mm.  Upper  surface 
fulvous ;  a  little  tawny  at  base,  the  apical  portion  of  the  fore  wings  black, 
this  continued  as  a  border  to  the  posterior  angle.  The  apical  black  con- 
tains an  oblique  fulvous  bar  beyond  the  cell,  and  the  submarginal  dots 
as  in  atalanta,  the  first  two  blended,  and  one  farther  down  in  the  fulvous. 
Besides  this  there  are  five  triangular  black  marks,  two  of  which  are  in 
the  cell.  The  border  of  both  wings  consists  of  three  more  or  less  distinct 
lines,  the  inner  on  the  hind  wings  in  the  form  of  a  shade.  The  apical 
portion  of  the  border  on  the  fore  wings  is  washed  with  lilac;  and  there 
is  a  gray-blue  bar  at  the  anal  angle.  Hind  wings  have  a  submarginal 
row  of  five  black  spots,  the  second  and  fifth  pupiled  with  blue.  Costa 
black. 

The  under  side  of  fore  wings  is  red,  except  the  apical  portion,  which 
is  marked  as  above.  Hind  wings  marbled  with  brownish  black  and  white, 
with  two  large  ocelli.  By  these  it  is  easily  distinguished.  The  outer 
border  is  four  black  lines,  with  violet  between  the  two  inner. 

Early  Stages — The  mature  larva  is  1.25  inches,  32  mm,  long,  the  body 
velvety  black,  between  the  joints  four  transverse  lines  of  pale  yellow  alter- 
nating with  narrow  black  lines.  The  food  plants  are  Gnaphalium,  Anten- 
naria,  Artemisia,  and  allied  species. 

Distribution — From  Nova  Scotia  to  Mexico.  In  the  state  it  is  report- 
ed only  by  Campbell  Carrington  and  William  B.  Logan,  of  the  Expedition 
in  1871,  locality  not  given. 

THE    MONARCHS,   Genus   Basilarchia.   Scudder. 

Butterfly — Head  large;  the  eyes  are  large  and  naked;  the  antennae 
moderately  long,  with  a  distinct  club;  palpi  compact,  stout,  produced, 
densely  scaled.  The  fore  wings  are  sub-triangular,  apex  well  rounded, 
the  lower  two-thirds  of  the  outer  margin  slightly  excavated.  The  first 
two  sub-costal  nervules  arise  before  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  hind  wings 
are  rounded,  crenulate. 

Early  Stages — Eggs  nearly  spherical,  the  surface  pitted  with  large 
hexagonal  cells.  The  mature  caterpillar  is  cylindrical,  the  second  seg- 
ment with  two  prominent  rugose  club-shaped  tubercles;  they  are  strik- 
ingly mottled  or  spotted.  Chrysalis  suspended  by  a  stout  cremaster. 
They  feed  upon  the  leaves  of  various  species  of  oak,  birch,  willow,  or 
linden.  Three  species  are  found  in  the  state,  to  be  separated  from  each 
other  by  the  following  key. 

Key  to   species. 

1.  Ground  color  fulvous  or  mahogany  archippus 

Ground  color  black.  2. 

2.  Both  wings  with  broad  white  bands.  3. 

Wings  without  broad  white  bands.  astyanax. 

3.  YellowxSh  white  bar  near  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings,  apex 

and  upper  margin,  of  the  same,  reddish.  lorquini 

Bar  and  red  color  absent,  and  a  submarginal  series  of  white  spots 
present.  wiedemeyeri 


Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont.,  Biol.  Series  No.  10. 


Plate  VI. 


3 


Basilarchia  wiedemeyeri;   2,  lower  surface,  1,  upper  surface  of  Basil- 
archia  lorquina. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 
THE  VICEROY,  Basilarchia  archippus,  Cramer. 


103 


Fig.  81.     Basilarchia  archippus,  From  water  color  drawing  by  Mrs.  Edith 
Ricker. 

Butterfly — Upper  surface  fulvous,  the  lines  black;  on  the  fore  wings 
a  dark  triangular  patch,  containing  three  white  spots  on  the  costa  beyond 
the  cell,  continued  to  the  posterior  angle  in  a  narrow  line.  A  black  line 
crosses  the  hind  wings  about  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the  base. 
Outer  border  black  containing  a  row  of  white  spots,  and  there  are  two 
ante-apical  white  spots;  the  lower  one  quite  small.  Underside  similar 
to  upper,  paler  fulvous.  The  fringes  are  black,  spotted  with  white. 

Earley  Stages — The  larva  feeds  upon  willow,  popular,  balm  of  gilead, 
aspen,  and  cottonwood.  It  is  two  or  three  brooded. 

Distribution — Found  over  nearly  the  whole  of  the  United  States  as 
far  west  as  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  has  been  found  sparingly 
even  to  the  Pacific  coast,  near  our  northern  boundaries. 

B.  archippus  is  injurious  to  the  oak  and  to  the  wild  plum. 

This  species  mimics  the  Monarch  butterfly  Anosia  plexippus,  so 
abundant  in  the  eastern  states.  The  Monarch  is  sparingly  found  in  the 
western  part,  rather  abundant  east.  The  eastern  milkweed  is  gaining 
a  footing  along  the  railroads,  and  with  it  the  Monarch  is  probably  on  the 
Increase.  The  writer  has  not  taken  the  Viceroy  west  of  the  range,  but 
Mr.  E.  N.  Brandegee  has  some  specimens  from  Gold  Creek,  west  of  the 
range,  which  he  collected  and  which  the  writer  has  seen.  Cooley  re- 
ports it  as  occasional  near  Bozeman,  while  Wiley  calls  it  rare  and  local 
about  Miles  City.  Douglass  collected  one  specimen  at  Fish  Creek. — 
Coubeaux  has  collected  it  at  Big  Sandy. 


104  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

WIEDEMEYER'S  ADMIRAL  Basilarchia  wiedemeyeri,  Edwards. 
Plate  VII.     Fig.  3. 

Butterfly — It  may  be  distinguished  from  B.  lerquina  by  its  wings  be- 
ing crossed  with  white  bars  instead  of  cream  ones,  and  the  absence  of  a 
bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and  the  yellow  apex;  it  has  a  submarginal  row 
of  white  spots  on  both  wings.  Expanse  3.00  inches,  77  mm. 

Early  Stages — Caterpillar  feeds  upon  cottonwood. 

Distribution — The  insect  is  found  on  the  Pacific  slope  and  eastward 
to  Montana,  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico. 

We  have  not  yet  taken  this  species  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
although  it  is  not  uncommon  east  of  the  range.  Brandegee  has  collected 
it  at  Helena,  Cooley  at  Mystic  Lake,  and  Wiley  at  Miles  City.  Douglas 
found  it  at  Madison  lake  and  Jasper  Mountain.  Taken  at  Big  Sandy  by 
Coubeaux. 

LORQUIN'S  ADMIRAL,  Basilarchia  lorquini,  Boisduval. 
Plate  VII,  Fig.  1,  upper,  Fig.  2,  lower  surface. 

Butterfly — Easily  distinguished  from  all  the  other  species  of  the 
genus  by  the  yellowish  white  bar  near  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore 
wings,  and  the  reddish  color  of  the  apex  and  upper  margin  of  the  same 
wings.  Expanse,  2.25-2.75  in.,  56  to  62  mm. 

Caterpillar — The  food  plant  of  the  caterpillar  is  poplar,  willow,  and 
the  choke-cherry. 

Distribution — This  is  a  western  species,  quite  common  in  most  locali- 
ties in  the  state  west  of  the  range.  It  is  not  k^iown  to  occur  east  of  the 
range.  The  University  of  Montana  collection  embraces  specimens  col- 
lected by  Elrod  at  various  plf.ces  in  the  Mission  Mountains,  at  Flathead 
and  Swan  lakes,  at  Missoula,  and  on  Mt.  Lo  Lo. 

BUTTER  FLIES  ON  CHIMBORAZO. 

"Even  butterflies  are  found  at  sea  at  great  distances  from  the  coast, 
being  carried  there  by  the  force  of  the  wind  when  storms  come  off  the 
land.  In  the  same  involuntary  manner  insects  are  transported  into  the 
upper  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  16,000  or  19,000  feet  above  the  plains. 
The  heated  crust  of  the  earth  occasions  an  ascending  vertical  current 
of  air,  by  which  light  bodies  are  borne  upwards. 

When  Bonplahd,  Carlos  Montufar  and  myself  reached,  on  the  23rd 
of  June,  1802,  on  the  eastern  declivity  of  the  Chimborazo  the  height  of 
19,286  English  feet,  we  saw  winged  insects  fluttering  around  us.  We 
could  see  that  they  were  Dipteras,  but  it  was  impossible  to  catch  the  in- 
sects  The  insects  were  flying  at  a  height  of  about  18,226  feet 

Somewhat  lower  down,  at  about  2,600  toises  (16,680),  also  therefore 
within  the  line  of  perpetual  snow,  Bonpland  had  seen  yellow  butterflies 
flying  very  near  the  ground. Humboldt  in  "Aspects  of  Nature." 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  105 

THE  WOOD  NYMPHS,  THE  MEADOW-BROWNS.     SUBFAMILY 
Agapetinae. 

The  butterflies  belonging  to  this  subfamily  are  for  the  most  part  of 
medium  size,  and  are  generally  obscure  in  color,  being  of  some  shade 
of  brown  or  gray,  though  a  few  species  are  brightly  colored.  The  mark- 
ings consist  almost  entirely  of  eyelike  spots,  dark  pupiled  in  the  center 
with  a  point  of  lighter  color,  and  ringed  about  with  one  or  more  light 
circles.  They  are  possessed  of  a  weak  flight.  Most  of  them  are  forest 
living  insects,  though  a  few  inhabit  the  cold  and  bleak  summits  of  mount- 
ains and  grassy  patches  near  the  margins  of  streams  in  the  far  North. 

The  family  includes  chiefly  brown  butterflies  whose  markings  consist 
almost  entirely  of  eyelike  spots.  Some  of  the  western  species  are  brightly 
colored.  The  insects  are  easily  recognized  by  their  having  some  of  the 
veins  of  the  fore  wings  greatly  swollen  at  the  base. 

The  larvae  are  cylindrical,  tapering  more  or  less  toward  each  end. 
The  candal  segment  is  bifurcated,  a  character  that  distinguishes  them 
from  all  other  American  butterfly  larvae  excepting  those  of  some  of  the 
emperors  (Chlorippe). 

The  Chrysalids  are  rounded;  in  some  cases  the  transformation  takes 
place  beneath  rubbish  on  the  ground  without  any  preparation  of  cell  or 
suspension  of  the  body.  Nearly  fifty  species  have  been  described  from 
America  north  of  Mexico. 

Key  to  Genera. 

1.  Eyes  very  hairy  2. 
Eyes  naked  or  nearly  so  3. 

2.  Outer  margin  of  hind  wings  angled  Enodia 
Outer  margin  of  hind  wings  evenly  rounded                               Satyrodes 

3.  Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  with  eye  spots  4. 
Upper  surface  of  fore  wings  without  eye  spots  5. 

4.  Spots  ordered  by  some  shade  of  red  Erebia,  P.  113 

Spots  bordered  by  some  shade  of  yellow  Cercyonis,  P.  105 

Spots  light,  color  ochreous  Coenonympha,  P.  114 

Spots  bordered  by  white  or  gray  Neominois,  P.  121 

5.  Lower  surface  of  hind  wings  mottled  Oeneis,  P.  119 

Genus  CERCYONIS. 
(The  Wood  Nymphs.) 

Key  to  species. 

1.     Fore  wings  with  or  without  a  buff  band,  but  with  two  ocelli        alope 

No  buff  bands,  fore  wings  with  two  occelli  on  fore  wings  and  one 

on  hind  wings,  both  showing  above  sylvestis,  var.  charon 

THE  COMMON  WOOD  NYMPH,  Ceryonis  alope  Fabricus.     Fig.  83,  84,  82. 

Butterfly— Expanse  of  wings  1.75  to  2.00  inches,  male.     Upper  surface 

blackish  brown,  darkest  over  the  basal  area;  outer  margin  consisting  of 

two  fine  parallel  lines,  a  little  within  which  is  a  black  stripe.      The  fore 


106 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Fig.  82.     Venation  of 
cercyonis 


wings  have  a  transverse  yellow  band  beyond  the  cell, 
sometimes  a  little  ochraceous,  and  often  more  or  less 
encroached  upon  by  the  brown  ground.  On  this 
area  are  two  ocelli,  round,  black,  or  variable  size, 
and  with  or  without  a  central  point,  which  is  white 
with  blue  scales.  Behind  the  cell  is  a  blackish  indis- 
tinct sexual  dash  in  the  males.  The  hind  wings  have 
a  small  ocellus  in  a  yellow  ring  near  the  anal  angle 
(often  wanting). 

Underside  yellow-brown;  the  band  enlarged  and 
of  a  paler  color;  the  ocelli  repeated,  enlarged;  the 
marginal  lines  distinct;  the  brown  area  covered  with 
abbreviated  darker  streaks,  which  over  the  base  and 
disks  form  somewhat  concentric  broken  rings,  limited 
without  by  a  common  dark  stripe.  On  the  fore  wings 


it  is  irregularly  sinuous  from  margin  to  margin,  throwing  out  a  rounded 
prominence  against  the  cell,  followed  by  a  rounded  sinus  on  the  median 
interspace.  Across  the  middle  of  the  cell,  and  below  it,  a  dark  stripe; 
the  extra  discal  area  less  streaked.  The  ocelli  vary  from  none  to  six, 
the  full  number  being  most  often  present,  disposed  in  two  groups  of 
three,  the  middle  one  of  each  group  the  largest;  all  black,  rounded,  in 
narrow  yellow  rings,  and  with  white  dots  in  the  center  edged  by  blue, 
scales. 

Female — This    differs    from    the    male    in    the    band    being   generally 


Fig.  83.     Cercyonis  alope  var.  nephele,  right  figure  upper  surface,  left  fig- 
ure lower  surface. 

broader,  clearer,  and  well  defined  on  both  edges,  the  ocelli  well  developed, 
with  occasionally  additional  black  points  on  the  hind  wings  corresponding 
to  the  ocelli  on  the  under  side.  A  larger  percentage  than  of  the  males 
have  no  ocelli  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings. 

The    above    description    applies    to    typical    form    alope.        Variety 
olympus,  Edwards,  differs  from  the  above  as  follows:       The  males  are 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


107. 


almost  black.  The  ocelli  are  very  small  and  without  wings,  but  in  some 
examples  there  is  a  faint  russet  or  yellowish  tint  about  them,  and  perhaps 
on  the  space  between  them.  On  the  under  side  the  rings  are  russet  or 
ochraceous  on  both  wings,  and  there  is  a  perceptible  bronze  reflection 
on  the  underside  of  the  hind  wings,  especially  in  the  males. 

This  form  is  said  to  occur  from  Illinois  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
is  found  abundantly  in  Montana.  However,  many  specimens  with  the 
broad  buff  band,  as  in  typical  alope  are  found  also,  see  Fig.  85.  Olympus 
and  nephele  are  now  given  as  synonyms,  so  nephele  occurs  from  New  Eng- 
land to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Five  varieties  for  this  species  are  recog- 
nized. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  conical,  marked  by  about  eighteen  verti- 
cal ridges,  lemon-yellow  in  color,  hatching  in  from  fourteen  to  twenty-eight 
days.  The  mature  larva  is  1.25  inches  long,  cylindrical,  robust,  thickest 
in  the  middle,  with  two  sharp,  conical,  divergent  tails;  color  yellow-green, 
head  vivid  green,  Chrysalis  is  a  little  more  than  half  an  inch  long,  cylin- 
drical. The  butterfly  emerges  in  fourteen  days.  The  larva  feeds  on 
meadow-grass,  and  the  butterfly  is  found  mostly  in  the  open  fields  or  open 
woods. 

Var.  nephele — Largest  of  the  forms,  with  buff  bands.  Ariana  is  also 
found  in  Montana.  This  is  a  decidedly  dwarfed  form,  and  one  that  is 
quite  dark.  The  ocelli  are  small  and  well  defined. 

This  species  is  abundant  during  July  and  August  around  Flathead 
Lake.  In  searching  for  insects  nephele  skirts  the  roadside  by  the  open 
woods  or  undulates  through  the  woods  in  graceful  flight.  It  becomes  so 
abundant  that  catching  it  becomes  tame.  The  specimens  show  great 
variation;  the  species  is  recognized  as  being  exceedingly  variable.  At 
Missoula  it  is  quite  common;  Brandegee  has  taken  it  at  Gold  Creek,  and 
Wiley  at  Miles  City.  Coubeaux  has  many  specimens  from  Big  Sandy. 
Coues  collected  from  boopis  at  Chief  Mountain  July  21,  1874,  a  single  spe- 
cimen. 

THE  DARK  WOOD  NYMPH,  Cercyonis  sylvestris,  var.  charon.     Edwards. 
Fig.  84. 


Fig.  84.     Carcyonis  sylvestris,  var.  charon. 


108  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings,  1.50  to  1.75  inches.  The  male  is  dark 
in  color;  the  female  is  paler.  There  are  two  eye-spots  on  the  fore 
wings  in  the  usual  location,  indistinct  on  the  upper,  distinct  on  the  lower 
side  of  the  wings.  The  under  sides  of  the  wings  are  variable.  In  the 
type  they  are  dark;  in  other  specimens  they  are  paler.  They  may  or 
may  not  have  ocelli  on  the  secondaries.  Both  the  fore  and  hind  wings 
are  abundantly  and  evenly  marked  by  little  striae,  and  crossed  on  either 
side  of  the  median  area  by  obscure,  irregular,  transverse  dark  lines, 
either  one  or  both  of  which  may  be  wanting  in  some  specimens. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  is  green,  cylindrical,  tapering  before 
and  behind,  marked  with  longitudinal  pale-yellow  lines.  The  chysalis  is 
green  or  black,  striped  with  narrow  white  lines.  The  larva  feeds  on 
grasses. 

Distribution — It  is  found  in  the  Northwest,  ranging  from  British  Col- 
umbia as  far  as  Mexico.  In  Montana  it  has  been  taken  abundantly  by 
Wiley  at  Miles  City  and  Sandstone.  Brandegee  has  taken  it  at  Mt. 
Ascension  near  Helena.  Allen  has  specimens  from  Dillon.  Coues  col- 
lected it  in  1874  at  Frenchman's  river  and  Chief  Mountain. 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA.  109 


Collecting  Butterflies  in   Montana. 


July  22,  1903,  was  a  hot  day.  For  several  days  the  sun  had  been 
warm.  We  were  camped  on  the  bank  of  Bigfork  or  Swan  river  at  its 
outlet  to  Flathead  Lake.  Our  little  laboratory,  constructed  escpecially 
for  out  door  work,  had  been  a  scene  of  activity  within,  but  no  one  could 
stand  it  long  in  the  swamps  or  woods  on  account  of  the  mosquitoes.  For 
two  days  the  little  fellows  had  been  especially  persistent  and  villainous. 
This  was  taken  to  be  a  sign  that  they  would  soon  go,  as  they  were  starv- 
ing. The  sun  dries  up  the  ponds  and  they  cannot  drink  nor  lay  eggs. 
Vegetation  becomes  dry  and  parched,  and  does  not  supply  nourishment. 
A  few  hot  days,  followed  by  a  wind,  and  it  was  predicted  they  would  go. 
This  had  come.  Donning  my  coat  containing  papers,  vials,  corks,  gloves, 
and  other  necessary  material,  and  accompanied  by  my  dog,  I  started  for 
butterflies. 

Two  or  three  Arygnnids  had  been  seen,  which  were  very  much  wanted. 
Half  a  dozen  other  species  were  on  the  wing,  but  all  species  were  doubt- 
ful, i.  e.  could  not  be  named  from  seeing  the  specimen  flying. 

The  field  sought  was  the  tamarack  forest.  The  beautiful  and  stately 
trees  filled  the  slope  of  the  lake  near  the  laboratory.  An  occasional 
Douglas  spruce  or  yellow  pine  added  to  the  charm  of  the  tamarck  forest 
A  wagon  road  wound  through  the  timber,  affording  a  sunny  opening  in 
which  the  insects  love  to  sport.  On  either  side  the  tall  conifers  towered 
heavenward.  A  breeze  was  blowing.  The  murmur  of  the  pines  as  they 
swayed  gently  at  their  tops  was  music  to  the  ear.  The  timber  was  not 
dense.  The  sun  filtered  through  the  leaves  and  between  the  treetops, 
making  alternate  patches  of  light  and  shade.  In  the  forest,  therefore, 
it  was  thought  the  airy  creatures  would  sport,  where  the  sun's  rays  were 
tempered  by  the  shadow  of  trees,  where  the  breeze  would  be  less  likely 
to  blow  against  their  delicate  wings,  and  where  they  would  be  un- 
molested. 

The  delicate  blue  bells  nodded  in  the  underbrush.  Mariposa  lilies 
were  on  the  wane,  but  an  occasional  late  one  showed  its  delicate  cream 
colored  perianth  here  and  there.  The  twin  flower  was  in  bloom,  making 
a  carpet  where  other  vegetation  was  lacking.  Service  berries  were  ripe, 
the  blue-black  berries  hanging  in  clusters  from  every  bush.  Spiraea  was 
gorgeous,  just  coming  into  full  bloom.  A  fringe  of  rock  maple,  dogwood, 
spiraea  and  service  berry  lined  the  road,  while  through  the  timber  they 
were  scattered  in  great  profusion. 

It  was  a  day  for  birds.  The  brilliant  plumage  of  the  Louisiana  tan- 
ager  flashed  in  the  sunshine  as  he  flew  from  tree  to  tree.  The  call  of  the 
western  Phebe  was  heard  on  every  side.  The  long-tailed  chichadee 
cheerily  sang  from  the  bushes  by  the  roadside.  Upon  an  old  bole  a  flicker 
was  calling  to  his  mate,  and  alternately  with  his  call  drumming  loudly 
on  the  dead  tree.  While  sitting  on  a  log  and  drinking  in  the  sweetness 
of  the  bird  music  mingling  with  the  sighing  of  the  pines  the  loud  call  of 


110 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


the  pileated  woodpecker  was  heard  in  the  distance;  for  this  shy  and 
handsome  bird,  the  largest  of  our  woodpeckers,  is  still  not  uncommon 
in  the  woods  of  Montana.  I  could  not  mention  all  the  birds  seen  and 
heard.  One  hundred  and  forty  species  have  been  found  in  this  vicin- 
ity. On  that  day  the  woods  were  alive  with  birds,  sweet  with  their 
melody  and  with  the  odor  of  flowers.  It  was  a  walk  of  solitude,  but  I  was 
by  no  means  alone. 

In  a  thick  cluster  of  service  berry  my  dog  flushed  a  ruffed  grouse  with 
young.  The  little  fellows  could  fly  a  little,  and  would  rise  into  the  top  of 
a  little  birch  or  alder  and  pipe  their  alarm  in  great  consternation.  Their 


Fig.  85.     Where  Leto  abounds,  near  the  University  of  Montana  Biological 
Station,  upper  end  of  Flathead  Lake. 

somber  coats  blended  beautifully  with  the  surroundings.  If  one  saw  a 
bird  alight  it  was  plainly  visible.  But  when  once  the  eye  was  turned 
elsewhere  and  returned  to  the  spot  the  motionless  bird  blended  with  the 
light  and  shadow  of  the  forest  and  with  the  bark  of  the  trees.  Had 
the  little  fellows  remained  quiet  they  might  have  passed  unnoticed. 
They  will  learn,  if  some  pot  hunter  does  not  kill  them  too  early.  The 
mother  flutters  around  and  makes  a  great  fuss,  while  the  young  are 
scurrying  away  to  places  of  safety. 

Scarcely  had  I  left  the  laboratory  when  a  beautiful  Eurymus  was  seen 
flying  over  the  bushes  by  the  river  bank  at  the  entrance  to  the  forest. 
Occasionally  the  delicate  butterfly  was  seen,  and  I  longed  to  have  it. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  HI 

Carefully  I  followed  until  the  time  was  favorable  for  a  sweep,  when  it 
was  safely  landed,  much  to  my  delight.  Eurymus  alexandra  is  not 
abundant  here,  but  is  often  seen  sailing  gracefully  over  the  tops  of 
the  dense  bushes,  out  of  reach  but  aggravatingly  near.  It  was  a  per- 
fect specimen,  the  only  one  seen  or  taken  during  the  day. 

I  started  before  two.  Along  the  road  I  went  slowly,  seeking  the 
Argynnids.  They  were  out.  Such  beautiful  and  dainty  creatures  they 
are.  Leto  was  out  in  all  its  glory,  but  my  captures  were  few.  I  simply 
could  not  do  it.  I  was  too  awkward,  slow,  or  something.  They  would 
not  rest.  Again  and  again  their  course  would  be  near  me  and  I  would 
try,  only  to  fail  with  an  AH,  and  sigh  of  regret.  Beautiful,  dainty,  deli- 
cate creatures,  sporting  in  tne  open  forest,  flitting  from  open  sunshine 
where  the  resplendent  colors  show  in  all  their  glory  to  the  shadow  of 
the  forest  where  they  may  have  a  little  respite.  Their  gaudy  colors 
make  them  conspicuous  a  long  distance  off,  and  their  large  size  makes  it 
possible  to  detect  them  and  distinguish  them  from  others.  Of  the  size 
of  cybele  of  the  east,  which  was  my  early  delight,  it  lends  a  charm  to 
the  forest  superior  in  some  respects  to  that  given  by  music  of  birds  or 
odor  of  flowers.  Gorgeous  in  array,  gentle  in  movements,  short  of  life, 
its  life  nistory  unknown,  what  wonder  that  it  has  charm.  The  day  was 
too  hot  for  Leto  to  be  in  the  open.  I  sought,  but  in  vain.  A  return  to 
the  forest  brought  its  company.  Its  flight  is  rapid  and  undulating.  Rarely 
did  it  rest.  Pursuit  into  the  forest  beyond  the  road  was  impossible  be- 
cause of  brush,  fallen  logs,  stumps  and  stones.  Again  and  again  I  made 
a  desperate  sweep  for  a  dark  female  or  a  more  brilliant  male.  Thrice 
was  I  successful,  but  many  times  did  I  fail.  But  one  sweep  was  granted. 
With  the  swish  of  the  net  through  the  air  it  was  off  in  that  peculiar 
zigzag  course  common  to  most  butterflies,  the  angles  of  flight  and  the 
lines  of  flight  as  sharp  and  as  numerous  as  the  zigzag  lines  on  the  wing. 
It  was  not  so  abundant  as  formerly,  for  annually  it  has  been  taken  near 
the  laboratory  for  five  seasons. 

Other  Argynnids  were  out.  Hesperis  and  one  I  took  to  be  atlantis, 
but  which  may  prove  to  be  different,  were  on  the  wing.  The  time  to 
take  pie  is  when  it  is  passing.  The  time  to  take  butterflies  is  when 
they  are  to  be  had.  There  is  no  more  fatal  error  than  to  fail  to  take 
specimens  because  they  are  plentiful.  They  may  not  be  so  to-morrow. 
Every  naturalist  will  no  doubt  recall  irreparable  losses  because  he  failed 
to  take  specimens  when  they  were  to  be  had,  but  delayed  for  a  more 
convenint  season. 

Atlantis  was  abundant.  It  is  not  so  large  nor  so  gorgeous  as  Leto, 
but  is  nevertheless  beautiful.  The  underside  of  the  species  captured  is 
dark  buff  with  a  slight  submarginal  band.  It  was  abundant.  It  seemed 
to  be  especially  fond  of  resting  on  Spiraea  lucida.  It  rested  often,  and 
was  not  difficult  to  capture.  The  afternoon's  catch  resulted  in  23  speci- 
mens of  this  and  Hesperis.  Atlantis  was  frequently  interrupted  in  its 
rest  on  Spiraea  lucida  by  Phyciodes  tharos.  Whenever  a  tharos  was  near 
it  would  invariably  fly  to  the  atlantis  on  the  shrub.  They  would  arise 
together  and  circle  about  before  separating.  Frequently  the  two  were 
taken  together.  Tharos  was  invariably  the  aggressor.  Whether  it 


112  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

dislikes  Atlantis  or  not  was  not  apparent.      It  appeared  more  a  curiosity 
move,  but  was  not  displayed  toward  the  others. 

Phyciodes  tharos  was  abundant,  and  had  been  several  days.  Light, 
graceful  and  delicate,  it  rested  airily  on  the  broad  white  umbels  of  the 
Spiraea,  when  it  would  spread  its  wings  to  their  fullest  extent  and  fan 
them  gently  up  and  down.  Its  flight  is  more  graceful  and  undulating 
than  that  of  the  Argynnids.  It  moves  more  slowly,  keeps  in  the  open, 
and  for  that  reason  was  not  difficult  to  capture.  It  was  taken  while 
waiting  for  others  to  appear. 

Lycaona  meliasa,  the  orange-margined  blue,  was  less  abundant  along 
the  roadside  than  on  former  days.  It  is  a  delicate  little  butterfly  of 
wondrous  beauty~in  color.  It  expands  only  about  an  inch.  The  males 
are  blue-violet  above  with  a  delicate  fringe  or  border  of  white  scales 
to  the  wings.  The  female  is  dark  brown  with  eye  spots  on  the  wing 
margins,  surrounded  by  orange,  giving  the  appearance  of  an  orange  band. 
It  is  underneath  that  the  gorgeous  colors  appear.  The  spots  with  their 
border  of  gold  and  dust  of  silver,  on  a  light  grey  background,  and  set  out 
in  contrast  to  the  pure  white  brush  like  margin,  call  for  admiration  from 
all.  Along  the  roadside  they  slowly  flitted,  mostly  males,  but  now  and 
then  a  female,  occasionally  seeming  to  hobnob  with  tharos,  but  always 
in  graceful  contrast  to  the  more  swiftly  moving  Argynnids.  They  were 
easy  to  take,  but  previously  many  had  been  captured. 

A  single  Lorquin's  admiral  Basilachia  lorquina,  was  captured  as  it 
was  being  gently  wafted  along  a  side  road  by  the  breeze. 

Down  among  the  red  cedars  along  the  rocky  lake  shore  a  female  Par- 
nassius  smintheus  was  resting  on  a  weed.  She  was  royal  in  her  array 
of  delicate  red,  creamy  white  and  drab  gray.  Upon  the  hilltop  one  must 
usually  search  for  smintheus,  for  it  is  an  alpine  species,  among  the  rocky 
summits  where  grow  the  sedum  and  saxifrages.  It  is  rather  suprising 
to  find  it  at  the  level  of  the  lake,  about  2,900  feet,  yet  on  several  previous 
occasions  it  has  been  seen  and  captured. 

Shortly  after  four  in  the  afternon  the  trees  were  casting  longer  shad- 
ows, and 'already  the  cool  of  evening  was  being  felt  in  the  woods.  The 
sun  in  the  insects'  god.  When  it  shines  all  is  life  and  activity.  The 
whirr  of  the  bettle's  wings  is  heard,  and  the  bumble  bee  hums  from 
flower  to  flower,  flies  and  gnats  fill  the  air,  dragonflies  and  damselflies 
skim  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  butterflies  disport  themselves  on  airy 
wing.  But  when  a  passing  cloud  obscures  the  sun,  or  evening  approaches, 
every  form  of  insect  life,  except  the  mosquito  and  gnats,  seems  to  feel 
the  depression,  and  goes  to  cover.  Where  or  what  the  cover  is,  who  can 
tell?  Two  hours  of  brief  collecting,  and  the  work  of  the  afternoon  was 
over.  The  net  result  was  forty  butterflies  and  two  moths,  embracing 
the  following  species:  Colias  alexandra,  Argynnis  atlantis,  abundant; 
Argynnis  leto,  less  common;  Lycaena  melissa,  quite  common;  Phyciodes 
tharos,  common;  Basilarchia  lorquina,  a  single  specimen;  Parnassius 
smintheus,  a  single  specimen;  Argynnis  hesperis,  rare;  a  small  black  but- 
terfly, of  undeterminable  species,  two  specimens;  total,  forty  speci- 
mens, eight  species. 

This  was  a  good  day.  Many  and  many  a  day  in  Montana  has  resulted 
in  a  third  of  this  catch.  Both  species  and  specimens  are  lacking  in 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  113 

numbers  as  compared  with  collecting  in  my  boyhood  days,  when  I  used 
to  pick  them  up  on  the  common  or  in  the  clover  meadows  in  much  greater 
numbers. 

The  next  afternoon  I  tried  again.  The  sky  was  obscured  by  light 
fleecy  summer  clouds,  which  later  thickened  for  rain.  Atlantis  was  some 
place  else,  and  but  a  few  were  seen.  Leto  was  very  scarce,  not  one 
captured.  Melissa  was  yet  in  numbers,  largely  females  whereas  the 
catch  of  the  previous  day  was  largely  of  males.  Tharos  was  still  in  evi- 
dence. A  single  Satyrus  ofympus  was  added  to  the  collection.  Not  a 
smintheus  was  in  sight,  not  an  admiral.  A  male  Colias  alexandra  has- 
tened from  the  road  to  the  bushes  and  eluded  capture.  It  was  a  close 
day  but  a  poor  catch. 

The  above  is  typical  of  good  days  in  Western  Montana.  Wylie  com- 
plains bitterly  of  the  scarcity  of  butterflies  in  the  eastern  end.  And  yet 
the  chase  is  not  without  its  charm  and  its  reward.  The  field  is  new, 
The  unknown  species  lends  zest  to  the  search.  "It  isn't  this  not  that,  it 
must  be  something  new,"  is  interesting  and  cheerful  to  hear.  It  shows 
the  speaker  is  thinking.  And  the  greut  state,  with  its  wealth  of  life, 
beckons  to  the  ambitious  entomologist  who  may  be  the  first  in  his  locality, 
offering  him  a  rich  if  not  prolific  field.  To  the  collector  will  come  a  love 
for  the  woods  and  fields.  They  will  not  be  places  of  solitude,  for  there 
he  will  find  friends,  and  will  commune  with  nature  in  that  manner  which 
brings  the  richest  reward,  when  he  is  alone.  He  will  feel  the  thrill  of  joy 
at  first  holding  in  his  grasp  a  new  find,  for  new  they  must  be  for  years 
yet.  His  will  be  the  pleasure,  perhaps,  of  finding  something  new  about 
some  abundant  species,  for  "Unknown"  is  yet  written  after  many  species 
herein  mentioned.  Nay,  perhaps  his  small  collection  may  be  the  humble 
beginning  of  a  larger  work,  leading  to  broad  fields  and  to  the  fascination 
which  comes  to  him  whose  horizon  is  broad,  widening  with  each  day's 
work,  limited  only  by  physical  limitations.  Love  for  the  humble  little 
creatures  of  the  air,  love  for  the  beautiful  in  nature,  as  revealed  in  their 
rich  ornamentations,  love  for  nature  itself,  with  a  reaction  upon  the  in- 
dividual, making  him  more  appreciative,  more  happy,  and  more  contented, 
will  be  the  final  reward  of  the  young  collector. 

M.  J.  E. 
Bigfork,  Mont.,  July  23,  1903. 


114 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Genus  EREBIA,  Dalman. 

"The  Alpines." 

Key  to  Species. 

Wings  dark  brown,  ocelli  pupiled  with  white  and  surrounded  with 
red.  epipsodea. 

THE  COMMON  ALPINE,  Erebia  epipsodea,  Butler. 

Fig.  86,  87. 

Butterfly — The  wings  are  dark  brown,  almost  black,  pupiled  with 
white,  and  broadly  surrounded  with  red  near  the  outer  margin  of  the 
fore  wings,  and  with  three  or  four  ocelli  on  the  upper  side  of  the  nind 
wings.  The  spots  on  the  upper  side  reappear  on  the  under  side,  and  in 
addition -the  hind  wings  are  covered  by  a 
broad,  curved,  median  blackish  band. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  feeds  on 
grasses. 

Distribution — It  ranges  from  New  Mex- 
ico (at  high  elevations)  northward  to  Alas- 
ka. It  is  common  on  the  mountains  of 
British  Columbia.  The  collection  in  the 
University  of  Montana  contains  specimens 
from  Sinyaleamin  lake  and  McDonald  lake 
in  the  Mission  Mountains,  Flathead  Indian 
Reservation,  the  Tobacco  Root  range,  Gey- 
ser Basin  and  Missoula. 

It  has  been  collected  by  Brandegee  at 
Helena,  and  reported  common.  It  has 
been  taken  by  Cooley  at  East  Flathead  in 
Park  county,  at  Shields  river,  Park  county, 
at  elevation  6,400  feet,  at  Mystic  lake,  Gal- 
latin  county,  at  6,700  feet,  and  at  Bozeman. 

Fig.  86.     Venation  of  Erebia  epipsodea 


Fig.  88.     Erebia  epipsodea, 
lower  surface. 


Fig.  87.     Erebia  epipsodea, 
upper  side. 


This  butterfly  is  one  of  the  early  spring  insects.  The  earliest  about 
Missoula  are  Aglais  milberti  and  Eugonia  californica.  Before  the  hot 
days  come  on  Erebia  epipsodea  seems  to  be  at  its  best.  The  last  of  May 
and  the  first  days  of  June  are  the  times  when  it  is  at  its  best.  Its 
flight  is  like  Cercyon,  and  the  species  is  easily  recognized  by  its  flight. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


115 


Genus  COENONYMPHA,  Westwood.  1 

The  Ringlets. 

Small  Butterflies.  The  costal,  median  and  sub-median  veins  are  all 
strongly  swollen,  as  may  be  seen  in  figure  89.  The  palpi  are  very  heavily 
clothed  with  hairs,  the  last  joint  quite  long  and  porrect.  The  antennae 
are  short,  delicate,  gradually  but  distinctly  club-; 
bed.  The  eyes  are  naked.  Both  wings  on  the 
outer  margin  are  evenly  rounded. 

This  genus  is  distributed  throughout  the  tem- 
perate regions  both  of  the  old  and  new  world, 
and  includes  in  our  fauna  a  number  of  forms,  the 
most  of  which  are  peculiar  to  the  Pacific  coast. 
They  are  very  variable  as  to  the  number  of  spots 
and  ocelli,  and  vary  greatly  in  the  color  of  the 
under  side.  It  is  no  infrequent  thing  to  find  the 
ocelli  and  spots  differing  on  the  two  sides  of 
the  same  insect. 

Key  to  species. 

Upper  side  bright  glossy  ochre-yellow;  no  mark- 
ings above  save  by  the  transparency  of  the 
wings  ochracea 

Upper  side  fuscous,  immaculate;  under  side  a 
shade  paler,  much  irrorated  with  gray  scales. 

haydeni 


Fig.  89.   Venation   of   Co«no- 
nympha. 


Upper  side  pale  ochre-yellow,  immaculate 


elko 
Upper  side  ochrey-brown,  lighter  in  the  disk  of  all  wings. 

tiphon,  var.  laidon 

THE    OCHRE    RINGLET.      Coenonympha    ochracea,    Edwards.      Figs.    90 
and  91. 


Figs.  90  and  91,  upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  Coenonympha  ochracea. 

the  hind  margin;  abdominal  margin  and  base  dark  gray;  near  the  hind 
margin  and  parallel  to  it  is  a  series  of  six  black  dots,  sometimes  obsolete, 
usually  with  white  pupil  and  broad  yellow  iris;  near  the  base  two  irregu- 
lar pale  brown  spots,  and  midway  between  the  base  and  hind  margin  a 
sinuous  interrupted  ray  of  same  color,  extending  nearly  across  the  wing. 
Female  like  the  male. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 


116  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Distribution — Ochracea  has  a  wide  range,  from  Lake  Winnipeg  in 
British  Columbia  to  Kansas  and  west  to  California. 

This  dainty  little  insect  is  abundant  about  Missoula  in  early  spring. 
In  May  and  early  June  it  sports  along  the  open  hillsides,  being  most 
abundant  in  mountain  gullies  where  moisture  lingers,  or  along  the  banks 
of  streams. 

The  university  collection  embraces  specimens  from  McDonald  lake 
in  the  Mission  Mountains,  Missoula,  New  Chicago,  the  Tobacco  Root 
range,  and  the  Ruby  Mountains.  It  is  common  about  Helena  according 
to  Brandegee.  Wiley  has  it  in  his  collection  from  Miles  City,  and  Cooley 
has  collected  it  at  Forsyth  and  Bozeman.  Coubeaux  reports  it  moder- 
ately common  in  Bear  Paw  Mountains.  Coues  collected  it  along  the  49th 
parallel  in  1874. 

Remarks: — Dr.  Henry  Skinner,  in  his  revision  of  the  American  species 
of  the  genus  Coenonumpha.  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  XXVI,  says  of  this 
species:  "That  is  quite  a  variable  species.  The  upper  side  differs 
very  much  in  different  specimens  in  regard  to  the  distinctness  with  which 
the  spots  below  show  through  on  the  upper  side.  The  color  of  this  spe- 
cies, in  conjunction  with  the  distinct  ocellus  on  the  premaries  below,  serve 
to  distinguish  it  from  all  others."  He  calls  C.  brenda  Edwards  a  synonym 
of  C.  ochracea,  and  says  it  is  only  a  much  spotted  ochracea.  "If  we  give 
names  to  all  the  variations  of  ochracea  we  would  have  six  names  for 
the  species." 

THE  RINGLESS  RINGLET.     Coenonympha  elko,  Edwards. 

Butterfly,  IvTaTe — Expanse,  .95  to  1.00  inch,  25  mm. 

Upper  side  pale  ochre-yellow,  immaculate;  fringes  concolored.  Up- 
per side  of  primaries  nearly  same  ochre-yellow  over  basal  area  and  part 
of  disk,  limited  without  by  a  slightly  sinuous  and  crenated  edge  of  deeper 
color,  much  as  in  the  allied  species;  outside  this,  slightly  ochraceous  next 
the  inner  angle,  but  yellow-buff  over  apical  area.  The  secondaries  have 
the  basal  area  uniform  grey-brown,  the  outline  distinct  and  in  strong  con- 
trast with  the  remainder  of  the  wing  which  is  yellow-buff.  Very  slightly 
gray;  the  outline  is  irregularly  crenated,  with  a  deep  sinus  on  the  upper 
sub-costal  interspace,  and  another  on  the  lower  disco-cellular  interspace. 

Female — Expands  1.00  to  1.02  inches.  Upper  side  like  the  male. 
Beneath,  the  area  just  outside  the  crenated  edging  on  disk  of  primaries 
is  yellow  for  a  little  distance,  then  tinted  ochraceous  to  the  margin,  in 
one  example  a  minute  black  dot  in  the  disco-cellular  interspace  with  white 
center,  in  another  no  dot;  secondaries  as  in  male,  basal  area  one  shade 
of  gray,  with  distinct  crenated  outline,  and  beyond  a  yellow  or  buff  ground 
to  the  margin,  very  little  dusted  with  gray. 

Distribution — It  occurs  in  Vancouver's  Island,  Washington,  Oregon, 
Nevada,  Montana,  Utah  and  Idaho. 

Remarks: — Very  much  like  ochracea,  but  it  is  distinguished  from 
others  by  the  absence  of  ocelli  on  both  wings,  above  and  below.  Accord- 
ing to  Edwards  ampelos  and  elko  are  same.  He  has  found  two  speci- 
mens with  spots  on  the  secondaries. 

THE  PLAIN   RINGLET,  Coenonymph  tiphon,  var.  laidon,  Borkh. 

Butterfly — This  Butterfly  was  described  by  Edwards  as  C.  inornata 
Dr.  Buckell  called  attention  to  its  resemblance  to  the  European  form. 
His  view  is  confirmed  by  Dr.  Skinner  in  his  recent  paper  previously  re- 
ferred to.  The  following  is  Edwards'  description  of  inornata,  and  there- 
fore of  laidon. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


117 


Male — Expanse,  1.40  inch,  35  mm.  Upper  side  ochrey-brown,  lighter 
in  the  disk  of  all  wings;  costal  margin  of  primaries  and  abdominal  margins 
of  secondaries  grayish,  no  spots  above  or  below;  fringe  gray,  crossed  by 
darker  lines.  Under  side:  primaries  same  color  as  above,  from  base 
to  beyond  the  middle,  then  a  transverse  sinuous  ray  of  paler  color,  and  be,- 
yond  this  to  hind  margin  grayish;  sometimes  this  ray  disappears,  the  basal 
color  extending  nearly  to  the  apex;  secondaries  gray,  with  a  slight  gray- 
ish tinge,  darker  from  base  to  middle,  and  this  shade  separated  from  the 
paler  margin  by  a  transverse  tortuous  interrupted  ray,  the  course  of 
which  is  parallel  to  the  hind  margin. 

Female — Wholly  dull  ochrey-yellow,  marked  as  in  the  male. 

Dr.  Skinner  adds:  "This  species  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  rich 
dark  color,  being  the  darkest  of  all  the  spscies  except  haydeni.  Like- 
all  the  other  species  it  has  ocelli.  Mr.  Edwards'  specimens  were  evi- 
dently devoid  of  ocelli,  as  he  says  'No  spots  above  or  below.' " 

Distribution — The  species  occurs  in  Montana,  Minnesota,  British  Am- 
erica and  Newfoundland.  Examinations  show  the  collections  to  have/ 
one  from  Mount  Lo  Lo  by  Elrod  and  one  from  Miles  City  by  Wiley.  Col- 
lected by  Coues  in  the  mountains  along  the  northern  border  in  1874. 

HAYDEN'S  RINGLET,  Coer,ony<r.pha  h:yde:ii,  Edviaris.     Fig  92. 


Fig.  92.     Coenonympha  haydeni. 

Butterfly,  Male — Upper  side  entirely  of  a  bright  glossy  ochre-yellow, 
without  any  spot  or  mark,  except  what  is  caused  by  the  transparency  of 
the  wings;  base  of  both  wings  dark  grey;  abdominal  margin  of  secon- 
daries pale  gray ;  fringe  pale  gray,  crossed  by  a  darker  line.  Under  side. 
Primaries  same  color  as  above;  costal  margin,  apex  and  base  grayish; 
near  the  apex  a  round,  sometimes  a  rounded-oblong,  black  spot  with 
white  pupil  and  pale  yellow  iris;  this  is  preceded  by  an  abbreviated,  pale 
yellow,  transverse  ray.  Secondaries  light  reddish  brown,  grayish  along 

Butterfly,  Male — Expanse,  1.60  inches,  40  mm.  Upper  side  fuscous, 
immaculate;  under  side  a  shade  paler,  much  irrorated  with  gray  scales; 
primaries  immaculate;  secondaries  have  a  complete  series  of  black  ocelli 
along  the  hind  margin,  one  in  each  interspace;  each  ocellus  narrowly 
ringed  with  ochraceous,  and  having  a  minute  white  pupil. 

The  female  is  like  the  male  in  markings,  but  in  color  quite  different, 
as  it  is  light  yellowish-brown. 

Distribution — The  species  has  been  found  in  Montana,  Idaho,  Colo- 
rado and  Wyoming.  The  University  of  Montana  has  but  one  specimen 
at  present  writing,  collected  by  Douglas  in  the  Tobacco  Root  range. 
Cooley  has  taken  it  at  Mystic  lake,  6,700  feet  elevation,  in  Bridger  canyon, 
along  Shield's  River,  at  East  Flathead  in  Park  county,  and  at  Bozeman. 


118  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


List  of  Butterflies  taken  by  H.  R.  Morrison  in  Dakota  and  Montana, 
1881. 

1.  Papilio  zolicaon,  Bois. 

2.  Pontia  (Pieris)  protodice,  Bois. 

3.  Eurymus  (Colias)  philodice,  Godart. 

4.  Eurymus  (Colias)  eurytheme,  form  keewaydin,  Edw. 

5.  Argynnis  cybele,  Fab. 

6.  Argynnis  aphrodite,  Fab. 

7.  Argynnis  nevadensis,  Edw. 

8.  Argynnis  Edwardsii,  Reak. 

9.  Brenthis  (Argynnis)  myrina,  Cram 

10.  Euptoieta  Claudia,  Cram. 

11.  Lemonias  (Melitea)  acastus,  Edw. 

12.  Phyciodes  carlota,  Reak. 

13.  Phyciodes  tharos,  Drury. 

14.  Basilarchia  (Limenitis)  wiedemeyerii,  Edw. 

15.  Pasilarchia  (Limenitis)  disippus,  Godt. 

16.  Coenonympha  tiphon,  var.  laidon  Bork  (inornata  Edw.) 

17.  Cercyonis  (Satyrus)  alope,  var.  nephele,  Kirby. 

(nephele,  var.  olympus,  Edw.) 

18.  Cercyonis  (Satyrus)  meadii,  Edw. 

19.  Cercyonis   (Satyrus)  sylvestris,  var.  Charon,  Edw,   (charon). 

20.  Cercyonis  (Satyrus)  sylvestris,  Edw. 

21.  Oeneas   (Chionobas)   varuna,  Edw. 

22.  Uranotes  (Thecla)  melinus  (humuli). 

23.  Thecla  liparops,  Bois  &  Le  Conte,  (strigosa,  Harr). 

24.  Thecla  acadica,  Edw. 

25.  Mitoura  (Thecla)  damon,  Cramer,  (smilacis,  Bois). 
2G.  Gaeides   (Chrysophanus)   dione,  Scudder. 

27.  Epidemia  (Chrysophanus)   helloides,  Bois. 

28.  Chalcsria  (Chrysophanus)  rubidus,  Edw. 

29.  Cupido  (Lycaena)  saepiolus,  Bois. 

30.  Rusticus  shasta  Eaw.,  (Lycaena  lupini,  Bois.) 

31.  Rusticus   (Lycaena)   melissa,  Edw. 

32.  Rusticus  (Lycaena)  acmon,  West. — Doub. 

33.  Cyaniris  (Lycaena)  ladon,  Cramer  (pseudargiolus,  Bois.) 

34.  Cyaniris   (Lycaena)  ladon  (pseudargiolus),  form  violacea,  Edw. 

35.  Everes   (Lycaena)   comyntas,  Godt. 

36.  Pholisora  (Ancyloxypha)  lena,  Edw. 

37.  Oarisma   (Thymelicus)   poweschiek,  Parker. 

38.  Erynnis  (Pamphila)  pawnee,  Dodge. 

39.  Erynnis  (Pamphila)  uncas,  Edw. 

40.  Limochroes  (Pamphila)  manataaqua,  Scudder  (cernes,  Harris.) 

41.  Euphyes  (Pamphila)  vestries,  Bois,  var.  metacomet,  Harr.  (meta- 

comet,  Harr.) 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  119 

42.  Phycanassa  (Pamphila)  vitellus,  Fab.  (delaware,  Edw.) 

43.  Ambliscirtes  vialis,  Edw. 

44.  Pyrgus  montivaga,  Reak.       (tesselata,  Scud.) 

45.  Scelothrix  (Pprgus)  scriptura,  Bois. 

46.  Thanaos  perseus,  Scudder. 

This  list  of  46  species  is  given  by  W.  H.  Edwards  in  the  Canadian 
Entomologist,  Vol.  XIV,  p.  6,  1882.  As  here  given  the  nomenclature  used 
in  this  work  has  been  used.  Where  the  names  used  by  Edwards  are  dif- 
ferent from  those  used  in  this  book  they  follow  immediately  and  without 
commas,  in  parentheses.  Where  parentheses  do  not  occur  the  Edwards 
names  and  names  used  by  us  are  the  same. 

From  this  list  it  is  impossible  to  tell  which  specimens  were  collected 
in  Montana  and  which  in  Dakota.  The  species  which  are  not  included 
in  this  work  are  Nos.  20,  25,  26,  41,  42,  and  43.  Whether  these  are  to  be 
included  in  the  lost  from  Montana  is  yet  to  be  determined. 

Genus  OENEAS   HUEBNER. 

The  Arctics. 

Butterfly — The  antennae  are  short,  the  eyes  of  moderate  size;  The 
front  full,  protuberant;  the  palpi  slender;  the  fore  wing  somewhat  pro- 
duced at  the  tip;  with  the  outer  margins  rounded  and  the  hind  margins 
slightly,  if  at  all,  sinuated.  The  nervules  of  the  fore  wings  are  slightly 
dilated  toward  the  base;  the  hind  wings  are  elongated,  oval,  and  the  outer 
margins  evenly  rounded.  The  color  of  these  butterflies  is  some  shade 
of  brown;  the  outer  margin  is  generally  lighter  than  the  base  of  .the 
wing,  and  is  marked  with  black  spots,  sometimes  pupiled  with  white.  The 
wings  are  generally  marbled  and  mottled  on  the  under  side,  and  some- 
times crossed  on  the  middle  of  the  hind  wings  by  a  broad  band  of  darker 
color.  The  fringes  are  brown,  checkered  with  white.  The  eggs  are 
ovate,  spherical,  marked  with  sculptured  ridges.  The  caterpillars  are 
pale  green  or  brown,  marked  by  darker  stripes  upon  the  back  and  on  the 
sides.  The  chrysalids  are  stout,  very  slightly  angulated,  and  are  formed, 
so  far  as  we  know,  unattached  under  stones  and  at  the  roots  of  grasses. 

The  genus  contains  insects  belonging  to  the  Arctic  fauna,  which  are 
formed  in  the  far  north  or  dwell  upon  the  lofty  mountain  summits  where 
the  season  is  short.  Of  the  large  number  of  species  formerly  recognized 
but  seven  are  retained,  the  others  being  placed  as  snb-species  or  varieties. 
At  the  present  time  but  two  are  recorded  from  the  state,  although  we 
should  expect  nevadensis,  and  possibly  macounii. 

Key  to  species. 

Dark  brown  color,  covering  basal  and  median  areas;  a  broad  band  of 
lighter  shade  on  outer  margin;  under  side  mottled  with  white  and 
brown.  chryxus 

Smaller,  lighter  in  color;  under  side  mottled  with  brown  and  black 

varuna 


120  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE  CHRYXUS  BUTTERFLY.  Oeneas  chryxus,  Westwood.  Plate  X. 
also  Plate  1. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.75  to  2.25  inches,  44  to  57  mm.  Light  brown 
above,  usually  with  darker  color  on  the  basal  and  median  areas  of  both 
fore  and  hind  wings,  leaving  a  broad  band  of  lighter  color.  A  narrow  dark 
brown  or  brownish  black  outer  margin  on  both  pairs  of  wings.  Outer 
edges  fringed  with  dashes  or  crescents.  Edge  of  costa  usually  mottled. 
Wings  on  under  side  beautifully  mottled  with  white  and  dark  brown,  a 
heavier  band  of  almost  black  crossing  both  wings  near  the  center,  making 
an  acute  angle  toward  outer  edge  near  the  middle  of  fore  wing.  One  to 
several  eye  spots,  some  pupiled  with  white,  which  show  above  as  dark 
brown  or  black.  The  plate  shows  some  of  the  variations  of  the  species. 

Distribution — The  insect  is  found  over  a  wide  territory,  from  Hudson 
Bay  and  British  Columbia  to  Colorado,  the  light  colored  variety  invalida 
in  Nevada  and  California.  It  has  been  taken  in  the  state  by  Cooley  in 
Gallatin  county  at  9,400  feet,  and  at  Missoula;  by  Brandegee  at  Rimini 
near  Helena  arid  at  Cascade  on  the  Missouri  river;  Douglas  collected  it 
in  the  Tobacco  Root  range;  Elrod  has  specimens  from  Missoula,  from 
Mount  Lo  Lo,  from  Geyser  Basin  in  the  Yellowstone  Park,  and  from  the 
Swan  range.  The  species  is  alpine.  It  has  not  been  taken  below  5,000 
feet  at  Missoula,  and  above  this  is  quite  common.  It  has  frequently  been 
seen  in  the  Swan  range  above  6,000  feet. 


Fig.  92A.     Oeneas  uhleri,  var.  varuna;  lower  surface  on  left,  upper  surface 
on  right;  natural  size. 

THE  VARUNA  ARCTIT..     Oeneas  uhleri    Reakirt,  var.  varuna,   Edwards. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.50  to  1.75  inches,  38  to  45  mm.  The  butterfly 
is  among  the  smallest  of  the  Oeneas  group.  It  is  light  tan  colored  above, 
with  a  narrow  dark  grown  border  on  both  wings.  Edges  with  light  fringe, 
broken  by  the  brown.  On  the  under  surface  the  wings  are  mottled  with 
brown,  strongly  marked  with  blackish  blotches  or  shades.  Usually  sev- 
eral (two  to  five)  eye  spots,  black,  mostly  pupiled  with  white,  which  show 
through  as  black. 

Early  Stages— Fully  described  by  Edwards  in  Volume  III  of  his  great 
work  "The  Butterflies  of  North  America."  Eggs  chalk-white,  conical, 
truncated,  ribbed.  Mature  larva  .90  to  .94  inches  long,  stout,  thickest 
at  the  middle,  a  lateral  band  and  several  stripes  of  black,  the  intervening 
bands  solid  green.  Under  side,  feet  and  legs,  green,  with  a  tint  of 
brown.  Chrysalis  about  .50  inch  long,  greenish  yellow,  wing  cases 


Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont.,  Biol.  Series  No.  10. 


Plate  X, 


Oenas  chryxus,  showing  various  forms  of  wing  coloration.     Nc.  3  is  lower 
surface. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  121 

with  a  shade  of  brown,  head  and  abdomen  witli  still  more  brown.     Larval 
period,  eleven  to  twenty  days,  pupal  period  about  eleven  days. 

Distribution — It  is  found  in  the  prairie  lands  of  North  Dakota,  and  the 
parts  of  Montana  and  Canada  adjacent.  It  is  not  uncommon  about  Cal- 
gary. Wiley  has  collected  many  specimens  around  Miles  City,  and  in 
1894  sent  eggs  to  Edwards  to  be  hatched.  Cooley  has  collected  it  at 
Bozeman.  Taken  by  Coubeaux  in  Bear  Paw  Mountains. 

Genus  NEOMINOIS,  Scudder. 
RIDINGS  SATYR,  Neominois  ridingsii,  Edwards. 


Fig.  92B.     Neominois  ridingsii,  natural  size. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  Male,  1.6  to  1.8  inches,  Female,  1.8  to  2  inches. 

Upper  side  dusky  gray-brown,  pale  over  the  basal  areas,  beyond  to 
margin  dark;  a  common  extra-discal  series  of  buff  spots,  on  primaries 
separated  in  the  lower  discoidal  interspace;  the  four  above  this  con- 
fluent, their  outer  extremities  lanceolate,  and  being  on  the  upper  dis- 
coidal interspace  a  white  pupiled  black  ocellus;  the  fifth  spot  is  long, 
oval,  narrower  than  the  interspace — the  upper  median;  the  sixth  is  sub- 
oval,  broad,  and  carries  a  second  ocellus,  usually  equal  to,  but  sometimes 
a  little  smaller  than  the  other;  the  next  two  spots  are  sometimes  com- 
pletely confluent,  and  are  about  half  the  length  of  the  sixth;  on  second- 
aries the  spots  from  a  continuous  band  of  nearly  even  width,  the  upper 
three  more  or  less  incised  on  the  basal  side;  the  outer  ends  serrate,  or 
partly  lanceolate;  a  small  black  patch  near  the  outer  edge  of  the  spot 
in  lower  median  interspace;  occasionally  a  minute  pupiled  ocellus  is 
present  on  the  lower  sub-costal  interspace  of  primaries,  outside  the  line 
of  the  principal  ocelli;  fringes  fuscous,  yellowish  at  the  tip  of  the  ner- 
vules. 

Under  side  paler;  the  cell  of  primaries  and  the  basal  and  marginal 
areas  of  both  wings  covered  with  fine  abbreviated  dark  streaks;  the 
spots  and  ocelli  of  primaries  repeated;  the  buff  band  of  secondaries  rarely 
clearly  repeated,  but  the  position  of  the  outer  edge  of  it  is  indicated 
by  a  black  serrated  line;  the  marginal  inscriptions  usually  extend  across 
this  line  well  toward  the  mesial  band;  this  band  is  closely  as  in  the 
allied  genus  Oeneas,  light  within  ,dark  near  and  along  both  edges;  the 
elbow  without  rectangular  on  the  lower  discoidal  interspace,  with  equal 
serrations  from  the  angle  to  costa  (though  sometimes  the  lower  two  are 
much  prolonged,  acuminate) ;  on  the  basal  side  a  small  angular  sinus 
on  the  sub-costal  nervure,  and  a  large  rectangular,  or  sometimes  rounded, 
projection  on  the  median. 


122  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Body  dusky  gray-brown;  beneath  light  and  concolored  with  the  wings; 
femora  light  grey,  the  tibiae  red-brown;  palpi  whitish,  with  many  black 
frontal  hairs;  antennae  fuscous  above,  cretaceous  below;  club  red-brown 
beneath  and  at  the  tip. 

The  female  is  very  much  like  the  male;  some  individuals  have  a  small 
ocellus  on  the  upper  median  interspace. 

A  late  form  is  a  little  larger,  than  the  other,  paler  colored,  especially 
beneath,  where  the  inscriptions  are  faint  and  the  space  which  on  the 
upper  side  is  occupied  by  the  buff  band  is  scarcely  outlined;  the  mesial 
band  but  a  shade  darker  than  the  basal  area. 

The  above  lengthy  description  is  taken  irom  Edwards.  The  species 
was  reported  after  the  manuscript  for  this  work  was  completed  and  the 
cuts  made. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  sub-conic,  base  and  top  flattened,  marked 
by  nineteen  and  twenty  vertical  ribs;  color  chalk-white.  The  mature 
larva  is  about  an  inch  in  length,  covered  thickly  with  small  pointed 
tubercles  of  irregular  sizes,  each  bearing  a  rather  long,  clubbed  and  ap- 
pressed  whitish  process;  color  reddish  buff,  the  sides  pale  green;  mid- 
dorsal  stripe  pale  black;  feet  and  legs  gray-green.  The  chrysalis  is 
about  a  half  inch  in  length,  cylindrical;  color  red-brown,  darkest  an- 
teriorly, the  divisions  of  the  abdomen  green ;  wing  cases  green,  around  the 
margin  brown.  Pupation  takes  place  under  the  ground. 

Distribution — It  is  reported  from  tne  Mountain  states  of  the  Pacific 
coast.  In  Montana  it  has  been  collected  by  Cooley  at  Bozeman  and  by 
Coubeaux  at  Big  Sandy. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  123 


EXCHANGES. 

One  of  the  best  ways  of  adding  to  a  collection  is  by  the  method 
known  as  exchanging.  A  collector  in  one  part  of  the  country  may  find 
species  which  are  rare,  or  altogether  unknown,  in  another  part  of  the 
country.  By  a  system  of  exchanges  with  other  collectors  he  is  able  to 
supply  the  gaps  which  may  exist  in  his  collection.  No  one,  however, 
cares  to  effect  exchanges  with  collectors  who  are  earless  or  slovenly  in 
the  preparation  of  their  specimens,  or  inaccurate  in  naming  them.  A 
collector  who  contemplates  making  an  exchange  should,  as  the  first  step, 
prepare  double  lists,  in  one  of  which  he  gives  the  names  and  the  number 
of  specimens  of  either  sex  of  the  butterflies  which  he  is  able  to  offer  in 
exchange;  in  the  other  he  sets  forth  the  things  which  he  desires  to 
obtain.  The  first  list  is  said  to  be  a  list  of  "offerta";  the  second  is  a 
list  of  "desiderata."  As  an  illustration  of  the  manner  in  which  sud»i 
lists  may  be  conveniently  arranged,  I  give  the  following: 
Offerta. 

Papilio   turnus — Male   three;    female  four.     Dimorphic  var.   glaucus, 
male  six.      Colias  alexandra,  male  four;  female  six. 
Desiderata. 

Papilio  nitra,  female. 

Papilio  brevicauda,  orange-spotted  var. 

The  collector  who  receives  these  lists  of  offerta  and  disiderata  will 
be  able  to  decide  what  his  correspondent  has  which  he  desires,  and  what 
there  may  be  in  his  own  collection  which  the  correspondent  wishes  that 
he  can  offer  in  exchange  ;  and  the  process  of  exchange  is  thus  immediately 
facilitated. 

Persons  who  exchange  insects  with  others  should  always  be  ex- 
tremely careful  as  to  the  manner  of  packing  the  specimens.  Too  much 
care  cannot  be  taken  in  preventing  damage  to  specimens  in  transit. 

Holland,  in  "The  Butterfly  Book." 


124  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Family   LYCAENIDAE. 
The  Gossamar-winged  Butterflies,  the  Blues  and  Coppers.     Fig.  93. 


Fig.  93.     Venation  of  Rusticus  melissa. 

The  family  includes  butterflies  of  small  size  and  delicate  structure. 
They  are  easily  distinguished  from  the  skippers.  The  body  is  slender, 
the  wings  delicate  and  often  brigntly  colored,  and  the  club  of  the  an- 
tennae straight.  The  antennae  are  nearly  always  ringed  with  white,  and 
a  conspicuous  rim  of  white  scales  encircles  the  eyes.  The  radius  of  the 
fore  wings  is  three  or  four  branched. 

'The  blues  can  be  distinguished  from  the  metal-marks  by  the  absence 
of  the  costal  and  humeral  veins  of  the  hind  wings. 

In  the  female  the  front  legs  are  like  the  other  legs,  in  the  male  they 
are  shorter,  without  tarsal  claws,  and  with  the  tarsi  more  or  less  aborted. 

The  caterpillars  are  slug-like.  The  body  is  short  and  broad,  the  legs 
and  prolegs  are  short  and  small,  allowing  the  body  to  be  closely  pressed 
to  the  object  upon  which  the  insect  is  moving — in  fact  some  of  the  species 
glide  rather  than  creep.  Some  of  the  species  are  remarkable  for  having 
honey-tubes  which  can  be  pushed  out  from  the  seventh  and  eighth  ab- 
dominal segments,  and  through  which  honey-dew  is  excreted  for  the  use 
of  ants. 

The  chrysalids  are  short,  broad,  ovate,  without  angulations.  They 
are  attached  by  the  candal  end,  by  a  loop  passing  over  the  body  near  its 
middle. 

There  are  three  well  marked  groups,  which  have  been  distinguished  as 
the  hair-streaks,  the  coppers,  and  the  blues. 
Key  to  Species. 

1.  Radius  of  the  front  wings  four  branched,  wings  blue  or  copper  color     7. 
Radius  of  the  fore  wings  only  three  branched,  under  side  of  wings 

with  hair  like  streaks  2. 

2.  Hind  wings  wuh  a  long,  slender,  tail-like  prolongation 

Hind  wings  with  only  a  short  projection  if  any  6. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  125 

3.  Upper  surface  of  wings  conspicuously  marked  with  blue  scales 
Upper  surface  of  wings  with  but  few  if  any  blue  scales  4. 

4.  Lower  surface  of  hind  wings  bright  green  marked  with  brown  and 

white  Mitoura  P. 

Lower  surface  of  hind  wings  not  green  5. 

5.  Lower  surface  of  wings  with  a  narrow  white-edged  bar  at  end  of  dis- 

cal  cell  Thecla,  P.  127 

Without  bar  at  end  of  discal  cell  Uranotus,  P.  126 

6.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  without  a    row  of  orange  spots 

Incisalia,  P.  130 

Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a  row  of  orange  spots    Stryman,  P.  131 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  pale  fawn,  with  a  row  of  red  spots 

Erora,  P.  131 
Under  side  of  hind  wings  green  Callophrys,  P.  130 

7.  Color  above  orange  red  with  a  coppery  luster,  or  brown  with  a  cop- 
pery tinge,  in  each  case  spotted  with  black  8. 
Color  above  blue  or  bluish  black                                                                 10. 

8.  Hind  wings  with  a  broad  orange-red  band  on  the  outer  margin  ex- 
tending from  the  anal  angle  nearly  to  the  apex  9. 
Hind  wings  with  a  sinuous  submarginal  orange  line  beginning  at  the 

anal  angle  and  fading  out  near  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin 

Epidemia,  P.  133 

9.  Fore  wings  fulvous,  hind  wings  brown  Heodes,  P.  134 
Both  wings  brown                                                                   Gaeides,  P.  133 
Wings  under  side  front  wings  orange  hind  wings  gray  Chalceria,  P.  134 
\v  ings  under  side  front  wings  orange  hind  wings  gray      Chrysophanus 

10.  Hind  wings  with  a  slender  tail  like  prolongation  Everes,  P.  139 
Hind  wings  without  tails  11- 

11.  Under  side  fore  and  hind  wings  similar  13. 

12.  Under  side  of  secondaries  pale  gray  with  white  spots  Agriades,  P.  136 
Under  side  gray,  with  spots  pupiled  with  black  Cupido,  P.  135 

13.     Hind  wings  with  golden  or  orange  spots  Rusticus,  P.  137 

Hind  wings  without  golden  or  orange  spots 

14.     Lower  surface  of  wings  slate  brown  Nomiades,  P.  136 

Lower  surface  of  wings  pale  ash  gray  Cyaniris,  P.  138 


126 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


THE  GRAY  HAIR-STREAK  or  MELINUS  BUTTERFLY,  Uranotes  melinus 
Figs.  94,  1,  and  2. 


Fig.  94.     Uranotes  melinus;    1,  upper;  2,  lower  side;  3,  Incisalia  eryphon; 
4,  Thecla  saepium. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.10  to  1.20  inches,  28  to  30  mm.  This  butterfly  is 
easily  recognized  by  its  slaty  upper  surface,  adorned  by  a  large  black  spot, 
crowned  with  crimson,  between  tne  origin  of  the  two  tails  of  the  second- 
aries. Along  the  outer  margin  is  a  series  of  more  or  less  distinct  pale 
blue  spots.  An  orange  spot  at  the  anal  angle:  Two  slender  tails.  Under 
side  gray,  two  black  lines  crossing  both  wings,  the  inner  on  the  hind 
wings  forming  a  W.  The  other  spots  repeated  on  the  under  side. 

Early  Stages — The  larvae  are  "green,  downy  caterpillars,"  feeding  on 
the  common  hop  vine. 

Distribution — Found  all  over  temperate  North  America,  ranging 
southward  into  Mexico,  at  suitable  elevations.  It  has  not  been  found 
abundantly  in  the  state.  Three  specimens  have  been  taken  at  Mis- 
soula.  It  has  been  taken  at  the  University  of  Montana  Biological  Station 
at  Flathead  lake,  but  is  not  plentiful.  Wiley  has  one  specimen  from 
Miles  City. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


127 


Fig.  95.     Lycaena  on  the  banks  of  Sinyaleamin  Lake,  Mission  Mountains, 
Mountains. 

Genus  THECLA.     Fig.  96. 
Key  to  Species. 


Fig.  96.     Venation  of  Thecla. 

Lower  surface  of  wings  with  a  narrow  white-edged  bar  at  the  end  of 
the  discal  cell  acadica 

Lower  surface  of  wings  crossed  just  outside  of  the  middle  by  a  row  of 
small,  dark,  blue-edged  spots,  which  form  an  almost  continuous  line 

calanus 

The  spots  of  the  extra  mesial  row  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  wings 
wide  and  discontinuous  liparops 

Lines  of  spots  on  the  lawer  surface  narrowly  denned  externally  by 
white  saepium 

THE    HEDGE-ROW    HAIR-STREAK,  Thecla  saepium   Boisduval,   Fig.  94. 

Butterfly — Exanse,  1.20  inches,  30  mm. 

Upper    side    quite    uniformly    reddish    brown,    paler    on    the    under 
side;    a  narrow  submarginal  and  an  irregular  median  transverse  band, 


128  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

narrowly  defined  externally  by  white;  a  well  defined  black  spot  at  the 
anal  angle  of  the  secondaries. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — Found  throughout  the  Pacific  states,  in  Montana  and 
Colorado.  Holland  thinks  it  identical  with  chalcis.  Takea  in  the  state 
at  Missoula  (4). 

THE  STREAKED  HAIR-STREAK,  or  LIPOROPS  BUTTERFLY. 
Thecla  liparops,  Boisduval  and  LeConte. 

Butterfly — Dark  brown  on  upper  side,  grayish  below.  The  lines  on 
the  underside  are  arranged  in  pairs,  and  very  narrow.  The  spots  at  the 
anal  angle  are  obscure  and  blackish.  Expanse,  1.15  inches,  29  mm. 

Early  Stages — Almost  entirely  unknown. 

Food — The  caterpillar  feeds  on  a  variety  of  "plants,  oaks,  willows,  the 
wild  plum  and  the  Ericaceae. 

Distribution — It  ranges  through  the  northern  Atlantic  States  and 
Quebec  to  Colorado  and  Montana,  but  it  is  nowhere  common.  We  have 
not  taken  it. 

THE  BANDED  HAIR-STREAKED,  Thecla  calanus.     Hubner. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.2  inches,  30  mm. 

The  upper  surface  of  the  wings  is  dark  brown  or  blackish  brown 
There  is  sometimes  an  orange  spot  at  the  anal  angle.  The  under  side  is 
blackish  slate  brown,  nearly'  as  dark  as  the  uppsr  surface;  there  is  3 
dark  bar  edged  with  bluish  white  at  the  end  of  the  discal  cell  of  both 
wings,  and  just  outside  of  the  middle  a  row  of  small,  dark,  blue-edged 
spots,  which  form  an  almost  continuous  line;  and  a  subrnarginal  series 
of  crescents,  edged  within  with  white. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  is  1.5  inches  in  length,  slug-shaped, 
bright  grass  green  or  purple  brown  in  color,  marked  with  lighter  and 
darker  lines  running  lengthwise  of  the  body.  The  food  plants  are  oak, 
hickory  and  butternut. 

Distribution — East  of  ths  Rocky  Mountains. 

THE  ACADIAN  HAIR-STREAK,  Thecla  acadica,  Edwards.     Plate  I. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.5  inches,  38  mm.  The  upper  surface  of  the 
wings  is  of  a  uniform  blackish  slate  brown;  costal  edge  of  fore  wings, 
especially  near  the  base,  tawny.  Anal  angle  of  the  hind  wings  with  a. 
submarginal,  orange,  lunate  spot,  which  is  indistinctly  continued  to  the 
inner  border  of  the  wing.  The  under  surface  is  pearl  gray;  on  each, 
wing  at  the  end  of  the  discal  cell  there  is  a  dark  bar  edged  with  white; 
beyond  this  a  bent  row  of  roundish  black  spots  encircled  with  white;  and 
beyond  this  a  submarginal  row  of  black  lunules  edged  within  with  white, 
and  followed  without  by  orange  spots.  The  orange  spots  of  the  front 
wings  are  inconspicuous;  but  on  the  hind  wings  they  increase  in  sizze 
toward  the  anal  angle,  except  that  one  is  largely  covered  by  a  blue  patch. 

Early  Stages — Caterpillar;  Length  about  one-half  inch;  slug-shaped; 
the  brown  head  is  very  small;  the  body  is  almost  oval  in  outline  and 
grass  green  in  color.  Two  yellowish  stripes  along  the  side  include  a 
row  of  oblique  short  stripes  of  the  same  color.  The  food  plant  is  the 
willow. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


129 


Distribution — From  New  England  west  to  Montana  and  Vancouver. 
South  to  Los  Angeles.       Taken  in  Nevada  and  Arizona.       In  Montana 
taken  occasionally  at  Flathead  lake.      It  is  scarce. 
Genus  INCISALIA,  the  Elfins. 

Butterfly — The  hind  wings  have  only  a  short  projection,  if  any,  at 
the  anal  angle.  The  under  side  of  hind  wings  without  a  row  of 
orange  spots.  Dark  brownish  butterflies,  with  the  fringe  of  the  hind 
wings  a  scalloped  outline.  No  prominent  tail  like  prolongations  of  the 
wings.  In  the  outer  third  of  the  inner  margin  of  the  hind  wings  there 
is  a  deep  rounded  excision,  producing  a  conspicuous  lobe  at  the  anal 
angle.  Discal  spot  present  in  the  fore  wings  of  the  males,  usually  in- 
conspicuous. Under  surface  almost  as  dark  as  the  upper,  especially  on 
the  basal  half,  which  is  separated  from  the  outer  half  by  a  wavy  line. 
Key  to  Species. 

A  large  rusty  brown  space  in  the  middle  of  each  wing  of  the  female, 
but  near  the  anal  angle  of  the  male  niphon 

The  inner  of  the  two  dark  bands  on  the  outer  third  oi  the  wing  not 
sharply  angulated  below  the  third  median  nervule  eryphon 

Outer  half  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  hind  wings  uniform  rust  red 

augustus 

Outer  half  of  lower  surface  of  hind  wings  sprinkled  with  pale  lilac 

irus 
THE  HOARY  ELFIN,  Incisalia  irus  Godart.     Fig.  97. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.10  inches,  23  mm.  Grayish  brown  on  the. 
upper  side;  wings  below  are  of  the  same  color,  paler  on  ahe  outer 
margins,  and  darker  toward  the  base;  the  outer  half  of  the  lower  surface 
of  the  hind  wings  sprinkled,  especially  near  the  margin,  with  pale  lilac 
scales,  giving  it  a  hoary  bloom. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  is  said  to  feed  on  the  plum. 

Distribution — The  species  is  rather  rare,  but  has  been  found  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  in  latitude  of  New  England.  In  the  state  it  has 
been  taken  on  Mount  Ascension,  near  Helena  (one),  by  Brandegee;  at 
Winscott  (one),  6,000  feet  (near  Helena),  by  Brandegee;  at  Miles  City 
(one)  by  Wiley. 


Fig.  97.     Incisala  irus. 

THE   BANDED   ELFIN,   Incisalia   niphon   Huebner. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.  10  inches,  28  mm.      Upper  side  dark  blackish 

brown,  a  large  rusty  brown  space  in  the  middle  of  each  wing  of  the 

female,  but  only  near  the  anal  angle  of  the  male;   a  distinct  whit<0  or 

whitish  edging  near  the  base  of  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings,  limit- 


130  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Ing  a  darker  band  that  occupies  the  outer  two-thirds  of  the  basal  half  of 
the  wing;  males  with  a  small,  oval,  sub-costal  sex  mark.  The  under 
side  is  light  brown,  sprinkled  with  white  scales  so  as  to  be  hoary.  Fore 
wings  with  a  brown  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  edged  outside  with  white; 
a  brown  spot  farther  toward  the  base.  Beyond  the  cell  a  somewhat  zig- 
zag white  line,  beyond  this  a  submarginal  row  of  dark  brown  lunate  spots. 
There  are  no  tails,  but  three  prominent  teeth  or  angles  to  each  hind  wing. 
There  are  white  fringes  to  both  wings. 

Early  Stages — The  larva  is  green  and  pubescent,  longitudinal  stripes 
on  the  back,  the  middle  one  pale  yellow,  the  other  two  white.  The  head 
is  brown.  The  chrysalis  is  grayish,  with  four  rows  of  small  spots,  of 
which  the  two  middle  are  black,  the  others  ferruginous.  The  food  plant 
is  the  pine. 

Distribution — From  the  Atlantic  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
In  Montana  it  has  been  taken  at  Miles  City  by  Wiley,  and  at  Bozeman 
by  Cooley.      So  far  as  we  know  at  present  it  has  not  been  taken  west  of 
Bozeman. 
THE   ERYPHON    HAIR-STREAK,   Incisalia  eryphon   Boisduval.     Fig.  94. 

Butterfly — Closely  resembles  niphon,  both  on  the  upper  and  under 
side  of  the  wings,  but  easily  distinguished  by  the  fact  that  on  the  under 
side  of  the  fore  wings  the  inner  of  the  two  dark  bands  on  the  outer  third 
of  the  wing  is  not  sharply  angulatel  below  the  third  median  nervule,  and 
is  in  general  parallel  with  the  sub-marginal  line. 

Early  Stages — These  have  not  been  described. 

Distribution — A  Pacific  coast  species  that  has  travelled  across  the 
^mountains  eastward  as  far  as  Miles  City,  Montana,  where  it  has  been 
collected  by  Wiley.  Cooley  has  collected  it  at  Bozeman  and  Brandegee 
at  Mount  Ascension  near  Helena,  east  of  the  range.  We  have  collected  it 
Missoula  and  at  Lo  Lo  Hot  Springs. 

THE    BROWN    ELFIN    or   AUGUSTUS    BUTTERFLY,    Incisalia   augustus 

Kirby. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  .90  inch,  23  mm.  Brown  on  the  upper  side,  paler 
on  the  under  side.  The  fore  wings  are  marked  below  by  a  straight 
incomplete  median  band,  and  the  hind  winks  by  an  irregular  curved 
median  band  or  line.  back  of  these  lines  toward  the  base  both  wings 
are  darker  brown.  The  outer  half  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  hind  wings 
a  pretty  uniform  rust  red,  darkest  near  the  margin. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  is  "carmine  red,"  covered  with  very 
short  hair,  each  segment  involute  above,  with  double  foveae.  The  chrys- 
alis is  pitchy  brown,  covered  with  very  short  bristly  hair,  the  wing  cases 
paler.  Holland  says  the  food  plant  is  unknown.  Fiske  thinks  from  ac- 
tions the  food  plant  is  the  blueberry. 

Distribution — The  species  is  found  in  New  England  and  northward 
and  westward  into  the  British  Possessions.  It  is  a  boreal  species.  Elrod 
has  taken  it  at  Missoula,  Cooley  at  Bozeman  at  5.400  feet,  May  31.  1900. 

Genus  CALLOPHRYS,  Billberg. 

THE  GREEN  WHITE-SPOTTER   HAIR-STREAK,  Callophrys  dumetorum 
Boisduval. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.10  inches,  27  mm.  Dark  fawn-color  above, 
sometimes  tinged  externally  with  reddish.  On  the  under  side  both  wings 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  131 

are  green,  the  primaries  having  a  short  straight  band  of  white  spots  on 
the  outer  third,  and  the  secondaries  a  small  white  spot  on  the  costa  be- 
yond the  middle,  and  two  or  three  conspicuous  white  spots  near  the  anal 
angle. 

Early  Stages — We  know  practically  nothing  of  these. 

Distribution— The  Rocky  Mountains  and  California. 

Genus  ERORA  Scudder. 
THE   EARLY   HAIR-STREAK,  Erora  laeta.     Edwards. 

Butterfly— Expanse,  .75  inch.  The  wings  are  brown,  glossed  with 
bright  blue  above;  on  the  under  side  pale  fawn,  with  a  band  of  pale  red 
spots  on  both  wings  about  the  middle,  and  a  few  similar  spots  on  the 
outer  and  inner  margins  of  the  hind  wings. 

Early  Stages — Unknown,  save  that  the  egg  has  been  described  by 
Scudder.  . 

Distribution — Dyar  gives  it  as  Montana  and  Colorado.  Holland  says 
It  has  been  taken  in  Arizona.  It  is  rare  in  collections.  We  have  not 
taken  it. 

Genus  STRYMON.6Hubner. 
THE    CORAL    HAIR-STREAK,   Strymon   titus    Fabricius. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.30  inches.  32  mm.  Upper  surface  dark  brown, 
with  or  without  an  outer  marginal  row  of  orange  spots  or  an  indistinct 
oiange  band;  males  with  discal  stigma.  Under  surface  soft  slaty  brown, 
sometimes  tinged  with  violaceous;  outer  half  of  wings  crossed  by  a 
series  of  black  spots,  encircled  or  bordered  without  with  white;  between 
these  spots  and  outer  margin  is  a  series  of  small  black  lunules,  bordered 
within  with  white  and  followed  without  oy  a  corresponding  series  of  coral 
red  or  orange  spots,  indistinct  or  wanting  on  the  fore  wings,  prominent 
on  the  hind  wings. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  when  full  grown  is  sevent-enths  of  an 
inch  long,  elliptical  in  shape,  heavy,  very  small,  bilobed,  and  shining, 
with  a  streak  of  dull  white  across  the  front  above  the  mandibles.  Body 
above  dull  green,  with  a  yellowish  tint  especially  on  the  anterior  joints, 
and  thickly  covered  with  very  short  brown  hairs.  A  dark  green  dorsal 
line  from  joint  two  to  four;  a  patch  of  dull  pink  on  anterior  joints.  On 
the  posterior  joints  is  a  much  larger  rosy  patch,  extending  from  the 
posterior  of  joint  nine  to  the  end  of  the  body.  Posterior  part  of  the  body 
suddenly  flattened,  side  acutely  sloped.  The  chrysalis  is  .45  inch  long, 
glossy  pale  brown,  with  many  small  dark  brown  dots,  and  thickly  cov- 
ered with  very  short  brown  hairs,  too  fine  to  be  seen  without  a  lens. 
The  larva  feeds  on  the  wild  cherry  and  plum. 

Distribution — It  occurs  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  from  Maine 
to  ueorgia.  At  the  present  time  a  single  specimen  has  been  taken  iln 
the  state,  at  Missoula.  It  is  therefore  quite  rare.  Coubeaux  has  a  spe- 
cimen collected  at  Big  Sandy.  Coues  collected  a  single  specimen  in  1874 
among  the  mountains  of  our  northern  border,  called  by  Edwards  Thecla 
mopsus. 


132 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Genus  GAEIDES,  Scudder. 
EDITH'S  COPPER,  Goeides  editha  Mead.     Fig. 


Fig.  98.     Gaides  editha. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.25  to  1.35  inches  (31  to  34  mm.)  Male  fuscous 
above,  narrowly  edged  with  black  along  the  outer  margin,  and  with  black 
discal  bar;  the  usual  spots  show  through  very  faintly  on  the  upper  side. 
Hind  wings  fuscous,  with  similar  black  edge,  and  within  this  a  row  of 
four  or  five  black  spots  near  the  anal  angle.  The  two  nearest  this  angle 
are  surrounded  by  an  irregular  ochraceous  line.  Under  side  of  fore  wings 
gray  inclining  to  fuscous,  cinereous  on  the  disc,  with  the  black  spots  as 
allied  species.  Hind  wings  below  gray-fuscous  clouded  with  white.  A 
rather  broad  band  of  gray-fuscous  occupies  the  outer  margin;  this  band 
is  crenated  inwardly  and  cut  by  a  fulvous  line  which  begins  on  the 
abdominal  margin,  extends  out  on  the  submedian  and  last  branch  of 
median  nervules,  thus  leaving  a  white,  black  pupiled  half.ocellus  at  anal 
angle,  a  large  gray-fuscous  crescent  in  the  next  interspace,  and  next  to 
this  a  white,  black-pupiled  ocellus;  in  this  respect  the  present  species 
resembles  Xanthoides  and  differs  from  Dione,  which  has  much  more  ful- 
vous. At  the  inner  edge  of  the  gray-fuscous  band  the  white  clouding  is 
condensed  into  a  continuous  line  of  broad  lunules,  and  at  the  inner  border 
of  this  is  the  row  of  spots  always  fouund  in  this  genus;  these  spots  are 
quite  large,  pale  gray-fuscous,  edged  with  black  and  surrounded  by  white; 
the  discal  bar  is  usually  confluent  with  the  dot  within  the  cell,  so  as  to 
form  an  irregular  horse-shoe  mark. 

Fringes  of  all  the  wings  composed  of  scales  of  two  lengths,  the  upper 
and  shorter  set  being  nearly  black,  the  lower  ones  white;  sometimes  the 
black  scales  are  a  little  longer  in  certain  places,  thus  making  the  fringe 
seem  white  cut  with  black. 

The  last  branch  of  median  nervule  of  hind  wings  prolonged  into  a  very 
slight  tooth;  this  is  more  distinct  in  the  female  ,being  there  about  as  in 
Xanthoides,  male. 

The  female  differs  from  the  male  in  always  having  at  least  a  small 
fulvous  or  ochraceous  cloud  upon  the  disc  of  fore  wing,  and  a  similarly 
colored  streak  at  the  outer  angle.  The  cloud  upon  the  disc  is  some- 
times so  extended  as  to  cover  half  the  surface  of  the  wing.  The  spots  of 
lower  surface  are  rather  distinctly  shown  above.  In  the  middle  of  second- 
aries there  is  often  an  iroration  of  fulvous  scales  and  a  distinct  scalloped 
fulvous  line  along  the  outer  margin,  enclosing  a  black  crescent,  or  double 
dot  near  anal  angle  and  smaller  dots  above. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  133 

Under  side  like  the  male,  but  brighter,  and  with  markings  more  dis- 
tinct; a  fulvous  tint  is  also  seen  at  outer  angle  of  primaries. 

This  pretty  little  species  may  be  distinguished  from  Xanthoides,  its 
nearest  ally,  by  its  smaller  size,  the  much  more  convex  outer  margins 
and  more  rounded  outer  angle  of  primaries,  the  blunter  tooth  of  second- 
aries, the  white  clouding  below  and  the  large  size  of  all  the  spots.  (The 
above  is  a  copy  of  the  original  description.) 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — The  species  is  recorded  from  Montana  and  Nevada.  In 
the  state  it  has  been  taken  at  Bozeman  (2)  by  Cooley,  and  in  the  Swan 
Range,  at  7,000  feet,  near  the  Biological  Station. 

THE  uREAT  COPPER,  Gaides  xanthoides,  Boisduval. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.50  to  l.CO  inches. 

The  species  is  easily  recognized  by  its  size,  which  is  the  largest  of 
the  group  in  North  America,  and  by  its  creamy-white  under  surface,  spot- 
ted with  distinct  small  black  spo's,  in  large  part  reproducing  the  spots 
of  the  upper  side. 

Distribution — The  species  is  reported  from  California  and  Montana. 
In  the  state  -t  has  been  taken  by  Brandegee  at  Helena  (1),  and  by  Wiley 
at  Miles  City  (2). 

Genus  EPIDEMIA  Scudder.     Fig.  99. 


Fig.  99.     Venation  of  Epidemia. 
THE  PURPLISH  COPPER,  Epidemia  hellioides  Boisduval.     Fig.  100. 

Butterfly — The  male  has  the  fore  wings  broadly  shot  with  irridescent 
purple.  The  female  has  the  fore  wings  of  fulvous,  with  a  broad  black 
border.  On  the  under  side,  the  fore  wings  are  pale  fulvous,  the  hind 
wings  a  tan  color,  with  a  marginal  row  of  brick  red  crescents.  The  usual 
black  spots  are  found  on  both  wings.  Expanse,  1.15  to  1.30  inches, 
29  to  32  mm. 

Early  Stages — These  are  practically  unknown. 

Distribution — The  University  of  Montana  collection  has  over  a  hun- 
dred specimens  taken  at  Missoula,  Flathead  Indian  Reservation,  and  Uni- 


134 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


versity  of  Montana  Biological  Station  by  Elrod,  by  Douglas  at  Fish  Creek 
in  Sweet  Grass  County.  It  was  abundant  at  the  Biological  Station  at 
Bigfork  in  1903,  and  in  August,  1904.  Cooley  has  many  specimens  from 
Bozeman,  and  Wiley  collected  many  at  Miles  City.  Brandegee  has  it  in 
his  collection  from  Helena.  It  has  been  taken  by  Coubeaux  in  the  Little 
Belt  and  Bear  Paw  Mountains. 


Fig.  100.     Epidemia  helloides,  left  figure  male,  right,  female. 

REAKIRT'S  COPPER,  Epidemia  mariposa  Reakirt. 
Butterfly — Small,   with   a   broad   dusky   band   on   the   wind   wing   of 
the  male,  and  on  the  fore  wing  of  the  female.       The  male  is  purplish 
red  above,  the  female  bright  red  with  the  usual  spots.       On  the  under 
side  the  fore  wings  are  pale  red,  the  hind  wings  clear  ashen  grey,  with 
the  markings.      Expanse,  1.10  inches,  28  mm. 
Early  Stages — Undescribed. 

Distribution — The  species  ranges  from  British  Columbia  into  northern 
California,  Montana  and  Colorado.  We  have  taken  it  in  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park. 

Genus  HEODES,  Dalman. 

The  Coppers. 

THE  AMERICAN  COPPER,  Heodes  hypophleas  Boisduval. 
Butterfly — Expanse,  1  inch,  25  mm.  Upper  surface  of  fore  wings 
shining  fulvous  with  a  blackish  brown  border,  narrow  on  the  costa  and 
hind  margin.  Beyond  the  cell  is  a  row  of  prominent  black  spots.  Hind 
wings  blackish  brown,  and  a  terminal  fulvous  band,  not  reaching  the  apex, 
containing  four  black  spots  on  the  edge;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  a  black 
bar.  Under  side  of  fore  wings  fulvous,  paler  than  above;  the  apex  and 
whole  of  hind  wings  grey. 

Early  Stages— Eggs  nearly  round,  a  little  flattended  at  the  apex. 
They  are  pale  green  overlaid  with  a  white  notwork.  The  larva  is 
elliptical,  dull  rosy-red,  with  a  yellowish  tint  on  the  under  side.  The 
body  is  downy.  The  chrysalis  is  attached  by  the  end  of  the  abdomen. 

Distribution — Found  in  northern,  midd!e,  and  western  states.       Not 
rare  at  Miles  City  (Wiley).      We  have  not  taken  it. 
Genus  CHALCERIA  Scudder. 

Key   to   Species. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  same  color  as  upper,  spots  repeated       snowi 
Under  side  shining  white  rubidus 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


135 


SNOW'S   COPPER,   chalceria   snowi,    Edwarts.        Fig.    101. 


Fig.  101.     Chalceria  snowi. 

Butterfly— Expanse,  1.15  to  1.25  inches,  28  to  31  mm.  A  medium- 
sized  species,  easily  recognized  by  the  even,  rather  black  border  on- 
both  wings  on  the  upper  side,  and  the  dirty-gray  co'or  of  the  hind  wings 
on  the  under  side.  The  color  above  is  red,  brighter  than  rubidus,  black 
border  to  both  wings,  dark  at  base.  A  row  of  black  s;ots  across  each 
wing  about  one-third  the  distance  from  the  apex  to  the  base.  Two  black 
spots  in  the  discal  cell  of  the  front  wing,  a  larger  spot  at  the  outer  end  of 
the  cell. 

Under  side  of  fore  wing  same  color  as  upper,  tne  spots  repeated.  An- 
tennae black,  tipped  with  reddish  fulvous;  palpi,  legs  and  body  clothed 
with  white  hair. 

Early  Stages— Unknown. 

Distribution — It  is  found  in  Co'orado  at  high  e'evat  ois,  and  is  re- 
ported from  Alberta  and  British  Columbia.  Only  one  specimen  in  the 
collections  examined,  taken  by  Cooley  in  Gallatin  county,  July  12,  1902, 
at  9,400  feet. 

Remarks — The  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Chancellor  Snow,  of  the 
Universitly  of  Kansas  and  occurs  at  high  elevations.      It  is  a  beautiful 
and  delicate  little  creature,  worthy  of  the  effort  necessary  to  capture  it. 
THE  RUDDY  COPPER,  Chalceria  rubidus,  Behr.     Plate  I. 

Butterfly — Rather  largs  species;  the  ma?e  on  the  upperside  is  pale 
lustrous  red,  with  a  narrow  black  marginal  band  and  uniformly  con- 
spicuous white  fringes.  The  upperside  of  the  female  is  a  little  1'ghter 
in  the  ground  color;  on  the  underside  the  wings  are  shining  white,  tine 
secondaries  immaculate.  Expanse,  1.30-1.50  inches. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — The  species  is  found  in  Oregon,  Nevada  and  Montana. 
Wiley  records  it  as  rare  at  Miles  City.  Brandegee  has  one  specimen 
from  Gold  Creek  and  Cooley  one  from  Bozeman.  Coubeaux  has  one 
specimen  taken  at  Livingston.  Dr.  Elliott  Coues  took  a  single  specimen 
near  Three  Buttes,  August  -8,  1874.  Edwards  says  Dr.  Haydeh  sent  him 
occasional  specimens  from  Montana.  It  seems  to  be  everywhere  rare. 
Genus  CUPIDO,  Schrank. 

THE  LYCAEA  BLUE,  Cupido  lycaea,  Edwards,  Plate  XI,  1  and  2. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.25  to  1.40  in.,  31  to  35  mm.  The  adult  male  is 
pale  blue  above,  the  margins  pale  dusky.  The  black  marks  do  not  show 
through.  The  female  is  dusky,  the  wings  shot  with  blue  at  their  bases. 


136  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OP  MONTANA. 

On  the  underside  the  wings  are  whitish.  There  is  a  row  of  black  spots 
on  the  fore  wings  and  a  oar  at  the  ends  of  the  cell.  The  hind  wing  has 
also  a  row,  but  not  so  large. 

Early  Stages — These  await  description. 

.  Distribution — The  butterfly  is  found  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  from  New  Mexico  to  Montana.  The  University  of  Montana 
•collection  has  many  specimens,  collected  as  follows:  at  Madison  Lakes  by 
Douglas,  at  New  Chicago  by  Fred  D.  Smith  and  Douglas,  at  Missoula  by 
Elrod,  and  at  Sinyaleamin  Lake  in  the  Mission  Mountains  by  Elrod.  At 
Sinyaleamin  lake  large  flocks  assembled  about  camp  on  the  lake  bank. 
Cooley  has  two  from  Bozeman,  one  from  5,800  feet  altitude.  Coubeaux 
reports  it  rather  common  in  the  mountains  near  Big  Sandy. 

THE  GREENISH  BLUE,  Cupido  saepiolus,  Boisduval.     Plate  XI. 

Butterfly — The  male  on  the  upperside  has  the  wings  blue,  shot  in 
certain  lights  with  brilliant  green.  .uie  female  on  the  same  side  is 
dusky,  with  greenish  blue  scales  at  the  bases  of  the  wings  and  often  with 
reddish  markings  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  hinds  wings.  On  the  under- 
side, the  wings  are  gray  or  pale  wood-brown  with  greenish  blue  at  their 
base  and  a  profusion  of  small  spots  margined  with  white.  Expanse,  .95- 
1.10  in. 

Early  Stages — These  have  not  been  studied. 

Distribution — The  species  ranges  from  British  Columbia  to  Colorado. 

$n  western  Montana  this  is  a  very  common  species.  On  the  moun- 
tain slopes  by  the  University  it  abounds  in  early  spring,  collecting  in  con- 
siderable numbers  by  the  damp  places.  Along  the  roadside  in  the  moun- 
tain canyons  it  is  a  conspicuous  figure.  It  is  found  throughout  the  Mis- 
sion Mountains  and  around  the  Biological  Station  at  Flathead  lake. 

Genus  NOMIADES   Hubner. 
THE  SILVERY   BLUE,   Nominades   lygdamas   Doubleday. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  .85  to  1.10  inches,  21  to  27  mm.  Upper  side 
of  wings  of  male  pale  silvery  blue,  narrowly  edged  with  black;  the  wings 
of  the  female  above  darker  blue,  dusky  on  the  borders,  with  a  dark  spot 
at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  primaries.  Under  side  of  wings  pale 
chocolate  brown,  with  a  submarignal  band  of  black  spots,  margined  with 
white,  on  both  wings,  as  well  as  a  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cells,  and  one 
or  two  on  the  costa  of  the  secondaries. 

Early  Stages — These  are  unknown. 

Distribution — Found  in  the  South  Atlantic  states,  Colorado,  California, 
New  Mexico,  and  in  the  Kootenai  district  of  British  Columbia.  In  the 
state  collected  by  Brandegee  at  Helena,  one  male,  and  by  Cooley  at 
Bozeman,  two  males. 

Genus  AGRIADES   Hubner. 
THE  RUSTIC  BLUE,  Agriades  rustica,  Edwards.     Fig.  102B. 

Butterfly— Expanse,  .90  to  1.00  inches,  23  to  25  mm.  Male  bright 
blue  above,  female  darker.  Under  side  pale-gray  on  the  secondaries,  with 
white  spots;  primaries  with  a  row  of  black  spots,  and  a  discal  black  spot 
bordered  with  white. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 


Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont.,  Biol.  Series  No.  10. 


Plate  XI. 


1,  Cupido  lycaea,  male;  2,  under  side  of  same;  3,  Cupido  saepiolus 
male;  4,  under  side  of  same;  9,  female  of  same;  8,  under  side  of  female 
of  same;  7,  Rusticus  melissa,  male,  upper  side;  6,  under  side  of  same; 
5,  upper  side  of  female. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


137 


Distribution — Found  in  Colorado,  Montana  and  British  America.  In 
the  state  taken  at  Bozeman  by  Cooley,  one  specimen,  and  at  Bear  Paw 
Mountains  by  Coubeaux. 

Genus  RUSTICUS  Hubner. 

Key  to  Species. 

Orange  red  or  pinkish  band  on  the  hind  wings  acmon 

Dark  crescents  of  the  under  side  showing  as  spots  on  the  upper  side 

glaucon 

Male  with  narrow  black  marginal  line  and  white  fringes  melissa 

Male  with  wings  colored  dirty  gray  below,  with  black  spots  shasta 

THE  ACMON    BLUE,   Rusticus  acmon   Doubleday  and   Hewiston. 

Butterfly — Male  blue;  female  brown.  It  may  be  distinguished  by  the 
broad  orange-red  or  pinkish  band  on  the  hind  wings,  marked  by  small 
black  spots.  On  the  underside  it  is  marked  much  like  L.  melissa.  Ex- 
panse, .90-1.10  in. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — It  is  found  from  Arizona  to  Washington  and  Montana. 

The  University  of  Montana  collection  contains  two  specimens  from 
the  Yellowstone  National  Park.  Brandegee  has  it  in  his  collection  from 
Helena. 

THE  COLORADO   BLUE,   Rusticus  glaucon,   Edwards. 

Butterfly — Purplish  blue,  having  the  dark  crscents  of  the  underside 
showing  as  spots  on  the  upper  side.  The  female  has  a  band  of  orange 
spots  on  the  margins  of  the  secondaries.  Expanse  1.00  inch,  25  mm. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — It  ranges  from  Washington  to  California  and  eastward 
to  Colorado,  where  it  is  juite  common  in  the  mountain  valleys.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Montana  collection  contains  3  specimens ;  1  from  Missoula,  and 
2  from  Geyser  Basin. 

THE    ORANGE-MARGINAL    BLUE,    Rusticus   melissa,    Edwards. 
Plate  XI,  5,  6  and  7,  and  Fig  102. 


Fig.  102.     Rusticus  melissa,  male,  upper  and  lower  surfaces. 
Butterfly — The  male  on  the  upperside  is  pale  blue,  with  a  narrow 
black  marginal  line  and  white  fringes.       The  female  is  brown  or  lilac- 
gray,  with  a  series  of  orange  red  crescents  on  the  margins  of  both  wings. 


irS  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

On  the  underside  the  wings  are  stone-gray,  with  the  usual  spots,  and  on 
the  secondaries  the  orange  colored  marginal  spots  are  oblong,  tipped  in- 
wardly with  black  and  outwardly  by  a  series  of  metallic  green  macula- 
tions.  Expanse,  .90-1.15  in. 

Early  Stages — Very  little  known. 

Distribution — It  is  found  from  Kansas  to  Arizona,  and  northward  to 
Montana.  The  University  of  Montana  collection  contains  specimens  from 
the  Mission  Mountains,  Flathead  Indian  Reservation,  Missoula,  New  Chi- 
cago (Smith).  It  is  reported  as  common  at  Miles  City  (Wiley).  It  is 
abundant  around  the  University  of  Montana  Biological  Station  at  Flat- 
head  Lake.  Taken  by  Couzeaux  in  the  Bear  Pow  Mountains.  Allen  has 
it  from  Dillon.  Coues  collected  a  number  of  specimens  from  a  number 
of  localities  along  our  northern  border  in  1874. 

THE  SHASTA  BLUE,  Rusticus  shasta,  Edwards.  < 

Butterfly — The  male  is  blue;  the  female  brown.  On  the  underside 
the  wings  are  a  dirty  gray,  with  black  spots,  and  in  addition,  on  the 
hind  wings,  there  are  a  number  of  small  marginal  spots,  surmounted  by 
metllic  colored  bluish  green  scales.  Expanse,  1.00  inch. 

Early  Stages — These  have  not  been  described. 

Distribution — It  is  found  in  Montana  and  Nevada.  It  is  also  reported 
from  northern  California  and  Oregon. 

There  are  two  specimens  from  Martinsdale  in  the  University  of 
Montana  collection. 

Genus  CYANIRIS  Dahlman. 
THE  COMMON    BLUE  or  SPRING   AZURE,  Cyaniris   ladon,  Cramer. 


Fig.  102A.     Cyaniris  ladon,  slightly  reduced. 

Butterfly — Expanse  of  wings,  9  inch  to  1.4  inches,  23-25  mm.  The 
species  is  subject  to  great  variation.  In  general  terms,  the  upper  side 
of  the  wings  of  the  male  is  a  deep  azure-blue  with  a  delicate  terminal 
black  line.  Fringes  black  on  the  apical  part  of  the  wings,  but  white 
barred  with  black  on  the  rest  of  the  fore  wings  and  on  the  hind  wings. 

The  fore  wings  of  the  female  have  a  broad  blackish  outer  border, 
in  some  examples  extending  along  the  costa.  The  hind  wings  have  a 
blackish  costa,  and  a  row  of  dark  spots  along  the  outer  margin.  The 
ground  color  is  usually  a  lighter  blue  on  the  females  than  on  the  males. 

The  under  side  is  a  very  pale  silvery  gray,  with  a  silky  lustre,  and 
there  are  the  following  pale  brown  markings:  a  row  of  spots  along  the 
outer  margin,  each  preceded  by  a  crescent;  a  curved  row  of  alongate  spots 
across  the  disk  of  the  fore  wings;  and  several  small  spots  on  the  basal 
part  of  the  hind  wings. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  13£ 

The  butterfly  exhibits  a  very  complicated  polymorphism,  both  sea- 
sonal and  sexual;  nine  forms  are  now  recognized  by  entomologists.  The 
form  occurring  in  Montana  is  C.  ladon  ladon. 

Early  Stages— Length,  two-fifths  of  an  inch,  slug  shaped,  dark  brown, 
head.  Body  white  with  a  dusky  line  down  the  back  and  a  greenish, 
tinge  along  the  sides. 

Food — The  larvae  feed  on  dogwood,  actinomeris,  black  snake-root,, 
sumac,  spiraea  and  many  other  plants. 

Distribution — Its  distribution  is  very  wide,  extending  from  Alaska 
south  to  Arizona,  east  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  north  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence. Coubeaux  reports  it  abundant  around  Big  Sandy. 

THE    WESTERN    TAILED    BLUE,    Everes    amyntula    Boisduval. 


Fig.  102B.     Everes  amyntula,  the  two  right  hand  figures,  and   Agriades- 
rustica,  left  hand  figure. 

Butterfly — "Closely    resembling    L.    comyntas,    of   which,"    says    Hol- 
land, "It  may  be  only  a  slightly  modified  western  form.      Until  the  test  • 
of  breeding  has  been  applied  we  cannot  be  sure  of  this." 

Description  of  comyntas — Expanse  of  wings  from  .7  to  1  inch,  18  to  25 
mm.  Hind  wings  with  one  thread-like  tail.  The  males  are  dark  violet-blue- 
above,  with  a  narrow  blackish  outer  border.  Along  the  outer  margin  of 
the  hind  wings  are  several  black  spots,  and  usually  one  or  two  orange 
crescents.  The  female  are  blackish  brown,  some  specimens  with  bluish 
at  the  base.  The  black  spots  of  the  hind  wings  are  often  obscure. 

Underside  whitisn  gray;  both  wings  with  a  double  row  of  .spots  along 
the  outer  margin,  the  inner  row  crescents;  between  this  and  the  cells 
a  fow  of  black  spots  circled  with  white,  the  row  on  the  hind  wings  broken 
twice.  Tuere  is  also  a  bar  at  the  end  of  each  cell,  and  on  the  hind  wings 
a  spot  in  the  cell,  and  one  above.  Near  the  anal  angle  are  two  or  three 
orange  crescents,  enclosing  each  a  black  spot  with  a  circle  of  silver  scales. 

Amyntula  differs  from  the  above  as  follows:  The  males  are  lighter 
blue  above,  the  dark  border  much  reduced.  The  black  spots  prevail,, 
reduced,  but  the  orange  crescent  has  reduced  to  a  black  spot.  The  fe- 
males are  brownish  black  with  a  trace  of  coppery  brown,  the  primaries 
with  a  large  wash  of  blue  over  the  posterior  portion.  The  black  spots 
are  larger  than  in  the  male. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution— It  ranges  from  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  the  Pacific  in  British  America  and  the  northern  tier  of  western 
states.  There  are  seven  specimens  in  the  University  of  Montaan  collec- 
tion from  Sinyaleamin  lake  in  the  Mission  Mountains.  Coubeaux  collect- 
ed it  in  tne  Bear  Paw  Mountains. 


140  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Butterfly    Fancies. 


Bits  of  fancy  on  the  wing 

In  tne  sunbeam  hovering, 
Nimbly  on  the  breezy  air, 

Can  you  be  withount  a  care, 

Thronging  butterflies  y 

Once  a  caterpillar  shroud, 
Now  in  brightest  winged  crowd, 

Life's  intangible  mysteries, 
Unimprisoned  fantasies, 

Gauzy  butterflies. 

Better  than  the  rival  woods, 
All  of  Nature's  varied  moods, — 

Tints  OA  dark  anu  light,  portraying 
As  with  Nature's  artist  playing, 
Dancing  butterflies. 

Whitness  caught  from  mountain-crown, 
Softest  greys  and  sombre  brown, 
Brushed  with  dust  of  finest  sift, 

Streaked  with  blue,  a  storm-cloud  rift, 
Gleaming  butterflies. 

Vieing  with  the  veering  Wind 

In  thy  wooing  unconfined, 
Near  all  flowers  thy  list'ning  ear, 

Trembling  like  a  fluttering  fear, 
Vagrant  butterflies. 

Fanning  blushes  of  the  roses, 
Ever  changing  are  thy  poses, 
Couriers  fleet  of  fairy  news 

Whisp'ring  of  the  Coming  dews, 
Cunning  butterflies. 

Skimming  perfumed  meadow  lots, 
Ye  are  Nature's  sweetest  tho'ts, 

Fit  to  flit  with  soul  of  child, 
Fairies  fed  with  honey  wild, 
Golden  Butterflies. 

Hither,  thither,  in  delight, 

Circling  round  in  rythmic  flight, 

If  we  had  but  keener  ear, 

Could  we  more  of  music  hear, 
Lyric  butterflies? 

Golden  links  in  summer's  chain, 
Tell  me  all  my  heart  would  fain; 
Give  to  me  thy  revelations, 
Incarnate  imaginations, 

Fleeting  butterflies. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  141 

Sleeping  in  a  rose's  breast, 

By  her  paling  petals  prest, 
Fainting  as  her  heart  throb's  cease, 
While  the  wails  of  winds  increase, 
Dying  butterflies. 

— ALBERTINE  WARD. 
University  of  Montana,  June  1,  1905. 


142  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


THE  SKIPPERS,  SUPERFAMILY  HESPERIINA. 

Some  authors  consider  the  skippers  to  constitute  a  superfamily  dis- 
tinct from  the  butterflies.  They  are  called  skippers  on  account  of  their 
peculiar  mode  of  flight.  They  are  day-fliers,  like  butterflies,  darting 
suddenly  from  place  to  place.  When  at  rest  most  species  hold  the  wings 
erect  in  a  vertical  position  like  butterflies;  in  some  the  fore  wings  are  so 
held,  the  hind  wings  being  extended  horizontally.  The  antennae  are 
thread-like,  and  enlarged  toward  the  tip;  but  in  most  cases  the  extreme 
tip  is  pointed  and  recurved,  forming  a  hook.  The  abdomen  is  usually 
stout,  resembling  that  of  a  moth  rather  than  that  of  a  butterfly.  Skippers 
are  most  easily  distinguished  by  the  peculiar  venation  of  the  fore  wings, 
see  Fig.  102,  the  radius  being  five-branched,  and  all  the  branches  arising 
from  the  discal  cell  (R. — M.  of  Comstock). 

There  are  two  families  of  skippers,  the  Megathymidae  or  GIANT 
SKIPPERS,  and  the  Hesperiidae  or  Common  Skippers.  The  former  is 
not  reported  from  the  state,  and  hence  not  included  in  this  list. 

THE  COMMON  SKIPPERS.     Family  Hesperiidae.     Fig.  102. 

The  figures  following  represent  the  family.  The  larvae  have  large 
heads  and  strongly  constricted  necks.  They  usually  live  concealed  in  a 
folded  leaf  or  in  a  nest  made  of  several  leaves  fastened  together.  The 
pupae  are  rounded,  not  angular,  resembling  those  of  moths  more  than 
those  of  butterflies.  The  pupa  state  is  passed  in  a  slight  cocoon,  which 
is  generally  composed  of  leaves  fastened  together  with  silk  and  thinly 
lined  with  the  same  substance. 

Fig.  102.     Venation  of  Hesperiidae. 
Key  to  Subfamilies. 


Antennae  usually  ending  with  a  finely  pointed  terminal  crook,  occasionally 

without  crook  and  ending  bluntly;  males  usually  with  a  brand  on 

the  fore  wings,  never  with  a  costal  fold.       Skippers  with  a  brand 

and  their  allies  Pamphilinae,  P.  150 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  143 

Antennae  usually  with  a  long  club  which  is  bent  at  a  considerable  dis- 
tance from  the  tip;  males  almost  invariably  with  a  costal  fold, 
never  with  a  brand.  Skippers  with  a  costal  fold  and  their  allies 

Hesperiinae,  P.  143 
Subfamily   Hesperiinae. 

In  this  subfamily  are  included  the  larger  of  the  common  skippers,  as 
well  as  some  that  are  of  smaller  size.  Most  of  the  species  are  dark 
brown,  marked  with  white  or  translucent,  angular  spots.  The  antennae 
usually  have  a  long  club,  which  is  bent  at  a  considerable  distance  from 
the  tip.  The  venation  is  shown  in  Fig.  102.  The  most  distinctive  feature 
is  exhibited  by  the  males  alone,  but  is  lacking  in  some  species.  This 
consists  in  a  fold  in  the  fore  wing  near  the  costal  margin,  which  forms  a 
a  long,  slit-like  pocket,  containing  a  sort  of  silky  down.  This  is  a  accent 
organ.  Tubular  scales,  the  androconia,  open  into  it.  This  pocket  is 
difficult  to  see  when  the  pocket  is  closed. 

Key  to  Genera. 

1.  Fore  wings  with  a  broad,  bright  yellow  band  near  the  middle  "  2. 
Fore  wings  not  crossed  by  a  broad,  bright  yellow  band  3. 

2.  With  a  large  silvery-white  spot  in  the  center  of  the  lower  side  of  th& 

hind  wings  Epargyreus,  P.  14S 

3.  Upper  surface  of  wings  black  or  brown,  with  a  few  white  spots  on 

the  fore  wings  or  with  none,  hind  wings  not  checkered  with  white  4. 
Both  fore  and  hind  wings  checkered  with  many  white  spots  9. 

4.  Club   of  antennae   hooked;    anal   angle   of   hind   wings   slightly   pro- 

longed Cocceius,  P.  144 

Club  of  antennae  sickle-shaped ;    anal  angle  of  hinds  wings  rounded    8. 
Club  of  antennae  thickened  at  the  end,  which  is  obtuse  and  bare        5. 

5.  No  costal  fold  in  the  male  Hesperopsis,  P. 
A  costal  fold  in  the  male  6- 

G.     A  pair  of  long  lobes  covering  a  bare  hollow  at  base  of  addomen  of  male 

Scelothrix,  P. 

These  lobes  short  or  absent  7. 

7.     Hind  tibiae  with  a  hair  pencil  Heliopetes 

Hind  tibiae  without  a  hair  pencil  Pyrgus,  P. 

8     Fore  wings  entire,  with  a  costal  fold  in  the  male;   costal  fold  short, 

less  than  half  the  margin  Pholisora,  P. 

Costal  fold  of  the  male  long;  over  half  the  margin  10. 

9.  The  white  spots  in  the  band  just  beyond  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings 

much  broader  than  high  Pyrgus,  P. 

The  white  spots  in  the  band  just  beyond  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings 

but  little  if  any  broader  than  high  Scelothrix,  P. 

10.  Third  joint  of  palpi  moderate,  less  than  twice  as  long  as  wide 

Thanaos 

Genus  EPARGYREUS. 
Key  to  Species. 

1.  Hind  wings  more  or  less  produced  or  tailed  at  the  anal  angle 
Hind  wings  produced  not  tailed 

2.  Under  side  of  hind  wings  with  a  silver  band  in  the  middle          tityrus 


14-1  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

THE   SILVER-SPOTTED   SKIPPER,  Epargyreus  tityrus,  Fabricius. 
Fig.  103. 


Fig.  103.     Epargyreus  tityrus,  upper  (left)  and  lower  (right)  surfaces. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.75  to  2.00  inches,  43  to  50  mm.  Upper  surface 
dark  brown.  The  fore  wings  are  crossed  by  an  oblique  yellow  band  of 
four  large,  spots,  from  the  middle  of  the  costa  to  near  the  posterior 
angle,  where  it  ends  in  a  rounded  spot.  Beyond  there  is  a  narrow  spot 
in  the  first  median  interspace  extending  from  vein  to  vein.  Fringes  gray 
and  brown  at  the  edge  of  veins.  Underside  aboue  the  same,  but  this 
hind  wings  have  a  conspicuous  silvery  white  band  in  the  middle,  nearly 
reaching  the  cosa;  palpi  brown,  slightly  yellowish  beneath. 

Early  Stages — The  egg  is  nearly  globular,  flattened  at  the  base,  with 
fifteen  ridges  from  the  base  to  apex.  Color  white,  with  a  bright  red 
spot  at  apex.  The  young  larva  is  orange;  head  short,  a  few  scattered 
over  the  body.  It  feeds  upon  the  common  locust,  rose,  acacia,  wistaria, 
and  a  species  of  wild  bean. 

Distribution — It  is  found  quite  generally  over  the  entire  United 
States,  more  abundantly  eastward.  In  Montana  it  has  been  taken  by 
Wiley  at  Miles  City,  by  Brandegee  near  Helena,  and  by  Elrod  at  Flat- 
head  lake. 

Genus  COCCEIUS. 
THE  NORTHERN  DUSKY-WING,  Cocceius  pylades,  Scudder. 


Fig.  103A.     Cocceius  pylades,  slightly  reduced. 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA. 


145 


Butterfly— Expanse,  1:60  inches,  40  mm.  Brown  above,  darker  at 
base  of  wings  and  anal  angle;  the  white  spots  on  the  fore  wings  are  mere 
points,  the  number  and  size  varying.  On  the  under  side  the  wings  are 
dark  brown,  shading  into  hoary-gray  on  the  outer  margins.  The  hind 
wings  are  crossed  by  an  irregular  basal,  median,  and  post-median  brown 
bands  of  darker  spots,  shaded  with  deeper  brown  internally.  The  trans- 
lucent spots  of  the  upper  side  reappear  on  the  lower  side  of  the  fore 
wings. 

Early  Stages — The  larva  feeds  on  clover  and  other  plants. 

Distribution — The  insect  is  found  throughout  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  but  is  not  yet  reported  from  the  central  masses  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region  (Holland).  Dyar  gives  it  in  his  list.  We  have  not 
taken  it  in  the  state.  Wiley's  collection  contains  one  specimen  from 
Miles  City,  June,  1893;  Coubeaux  has  two  specimens  from  near  Big 
Sandy,  1904. 

Genus  SCELOTHRIX. 

THE  GRIZZLED  SKIPPER,  Scelothrix  centaurea,   Rambur. 
Fig.  104. 


Fig.  104.     Venation  of  Scelothrix. 


Fig.   105.     Scelothrix   Centaurea. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  about  1.25  inches,  31  mm.  Upper  surface  black, 
tinged  with  brown,  sprinkled  somewhat  with  white  scales  over  the  basal 
half.  There  is  a  bar  of  white  in  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings, 
a  less  distinct  spot  of  the  same  below  the  middle  of  the  cell,  and  a  sub- 
terminal  row  of  white  spots.  There  are  first  three  spots  in  the  sub-costal 


146  BULLETIN  UNIX  ERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

interspaces  three-fourths  of  the  distance  from  the  base  to  the  apex;  two 
spots  beyond  the  cell,  the  upper  half  way  from  the  third  spot  to  the 
margin;  spot  five  inline  with  the  first  three;  and  an  oblique  row  of  four 
more, — two  in  the  median  interspaces  and  the  other  two  in  the  medio- 
submedian  interspace,  one  next  to  each  vein.  Besides  this,  the  cross 
vein  at  the  end  of  the  cell  has  some  white  scales.  In  addition  to  these, 
there  are  five  white  spots  on  the  costal  edge. 

The  hind  wings  have  two  obscure  rows  of  white  spots,  the  first  cross- 
ing the  end  of  the  cell,  the  spot  on  the  cell  being  the  most  distinct;  the 
second  sub-terminal,  consisting  of  a  series  of  inter-venular,  somewhat 
sagittate  spots.  Fringes  white,  cut  with  black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  a  little  paler  than  the  upper,  sprinkled  over  with  white 
scales  so  as  to  be  grayish  brown.  The  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  re- 
peated, but  enlarged  and  coalescing.  The  hind  wings  have  three  dis- 
tinct bands  of  white,  one  near  the  base  which  does  not  show  on  the 
upper  side,  consisting  of  three  patches  united;  the  middle  one  enlarged 
and  blended;  the  sub-terminal  one  not  much  more  prominent  than  on 
the  upper  surface. 

Body  black  above,  with  gray  hairs,  the  scales  and  hairs  below  white; 
antennae  annulate  with  black  and  white;  top  of  club  ferruginous. 

Distribution — From  the  Atlantic  coast  in  New  York,  West  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina  westward  to  Colorado,  north  to  Montana.  In  Mon- 
tana it  has  been  taken  by  Elrod  at  Sinyaleamin  lake  in  the  Mission 
mountains  (two) ;  Brandegee  has  one  in  his  collection  from  Presto  Pass, 
near  Helena;  Cooley  has  one  from  Shields  river  at  elevation  of  9,000 
feet.  These  two  last  are  small  and  quite  dark,  but  have  the  character- 
istic markings  of  the  species. 

THE  SMALL  CHECKERED  SKIPPER,  Scelothrix  scriptura,  Boisduval. 
Fig.  106. 


Fig.  106.     Scelothrix  scriptura. 

Butterfly — Small,  expanse  .85  inch,  21  mm.  The  hind  wings  on  the 
upper  side  are  about  entirely  dark  gray,  the  only  white  being  a  spot  or 
two  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  fore  wings  above  marked  somewhat  as  iu 
centaurea.  On  the  under  side  the  fore  wings  are  blackish  toward  the 
base,  with  the  costa,  the  apex,  and  the  outer  margin  narrowly  whitish. 
The  hind  wings  below  are  pale,  with  an  incomplete  median  band  of  white 
spots  and  broad  white  fringes,  which  are  not  checkered  with  darker  color 
as  in  the  preceding  species. 

Early  Stages — These  are  unknown. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


147 


Distribution — We  have  not  seen  it  in  the  state,  nor  is  it  in  any  of  the 
•collections  we  have  examined.  It  is  reported  from  California,  Arizona 
and  Montana. 

Genus   HELIOPETES   Billberg,   Helopetes  syrichtus,  Fabricius. 
This  species  is  reported  by  Edwards  among  the  specimens  collected 
"by  Cafrlrigton  and  Logan  in  1871. 

Genus  PYRGUS. 

THE   CHECKERED    SKIPPER,    Pyrgus   montivaga    Reakirt,   or    Hesperia 
tessellata,  Scudder.     Fig.  106a. 


Fig.  10GA.     Pyrgus  montivaga. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  about  1.20  inches,  30  mm.  Male:  Upper  sur- 
face black,  the  basal  third  and  hind  margin  of  fore  wings  overlaid  with 
white  hairs,  as  also  the  inner,  part  of  the  hind  wings.  The  outer  two- 
thirds  of  fore  wings  contain  about  thirty  white  spots  arranged  somewhat 
in  four  irregular  transverse  rows;  and  five  more  on  the  costal  edge.  The 
hinds  wings  have  about  eighteen  spots,  arranged  in  three  rows,  the  spots 
of  the  inner  row  the  largest,  the  middle  ones  crescent,  the  outer  ones 
points.  Fringes  white,  with  black  at  the  ends  of  the  veins. 

Under  side  of  fore  wings  yellowish  white  along  the  costa  and  the 
outer  margin,  the  spots  of  the  upper  surface  repeated,  but  more  or  less 
blended,  the  space  between  the  spots  brownish  black.  Hind  wings  white, 
faintly  yellowish;  a  spot  near  the  base,  two  irregular  transverse  bands, 
and  a  marginal  row  of  lunules  are  brownish,  these  corresponding  to  the 
spaces  between  the  rows  of  white  above. 

Female — Darker,  owing  to  the  spots  being  smaller,  the  marginal  row 
of  points  sub-obsolete.  Under  side  also  darker. 

Distribution— From  Pennsylvania  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  In  the  state  it  has  been  taken  by  Barnes  at 
Aldridge  (one) ;  by  Elrod  at  Flathead  lake  (one)  and  at  Swan  lake  (one) ; 
Wiley  has  many  specimens  in  his  collection  from  Miles  City;  Coubeaux 
has  collected  it  in  the  Bear  Paw  Mountains.  Collected  by  Coues  along 
the  northern  border  in  1874. 

Genus  HESPEROPSIS. 
THE    LENA    SKIPPER,    Hesperopsis    lena,    Edward. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  male,  1.1  inches,  28  mm.,  female  1.15  inches,  30 
mm.  Upper  side  dark  brown,  glossy;  primaries  have  three  small  white 
spots,  with  traces  of  a  fourth,  in  an  oblique  bar  from  costa,  at  four-fifths 
the  distance  from  base  to  apex;  a  small  spot  in  cell  near  outer  end;  and 
three  minute  spots  in  median  and  submedian  interspaces,  two  being  in 
the  latter,  these  about  three-fifths  the  distance  from  base  to  hind  margin. 
Secondaries  immaculate.  Fringes  concolored. 


148  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Under  side  of  primaries  dark  brown,  grayish  at  base  and  over  apical 
area,  more  particularly  when  seen  obliquely.  Secondaries  gray-brown, 
caused  by  a  uniform  sprinkling  of  whitish  scales  over  the  brown  surface; 
without  spots  except  a  transverse  abbreviated  white  dash  on  middle  of 
disk. 

Female — Color  of  the  male;  the  white  spots  conspicuous,  forming  a 
dlscal  row  quite  across  primaries;  a  large  spot  in  cell,  and  a  small  one 
in  submedian  interspace  near  base.  Under  side  of  both  wings  as  in  the 
male,  except  that  the  three  costal  spots  of  discal  row  are  repeated,  and 
the  spot  in  cell,  but  all  are  reduced. 

From  one  male  and  one  female  taken  in  Montana  by  Mr.  Morrison, 
1881.  In  all  four  examples  were  taken. 

We  have  not  tken  it,  nor  have  we  seen  any  specimens  we  could  refer 
to  the  species.  Dyar  says  he  has  not  seen  any  certainly  determined 
specimens. 

Genus  PHOLISORA,  Scudder. 

The    Sooty-wing,    Pholisora    catullus    (Phol-i-so'ra    ca-tul'lus)    Fabricius... 
Plate  XII,  and  Fig.  107. 


Fig.  107.     Pholisora  catullus,  silghtly  enlarged. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  .80  to  1.15  inches.  Brownish  black  on  both  sides 
of  the  wings,  with  a  faint  marginal  series  and  a  conspicuous  submarginal 
series  of  light  spots  on  the  primaries.  In  the  male  on  the  upper  side,  and 
in  addition  to  these,  in  the  female,  a  faint  marginal  series  on  the  sec- 
ondaries. On  the  under  side  only  the  upper  spots  of  the  submar- 
ginal series  of  the  primaries  reappear.  The  body  and  head  are 
black  above,  the  head  with  three  longitudinal  white  stripes,  the  ends 
of  the  palpi  hairs  the  same  color;  the  palpi  and  head  white  beneath,  the 
body  blacfl.  Fringes  concolorous  with  the  wings. 

Early  Stages — The  larva  feeds  on  Monarda,  Chenopodium,  Ambrosia, 
and  others.  It  forms  a  case  for  itself  by  folding  the  leaf  along  the  mid- 
rib and  stitching  the  edge  together  with  a  few  threads  of  silk.  It  lies 
concealed  during  the  day  and  feeds  at  night. 

Distribution — It  is  found  over  the  whole  of  temperate  North  America. 
At  Missoula,  in  the  state,  it  has  been  taken  abundantly.  Wiley  has  in 
his  collection  one  specimen  taken  June  7,  1891,  another  June,  1893,  both 
from  Miles  City;  Coubeaux  calls  it  rather  common  around  Big  Sandy. 

Brandegee  has  one  specimen  from  Mt.  Ascension,  near  Helena,  June 
29,  1902. 


Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont.,  Biol.  Series  No.  10. 


Plate  XII 


Pholisora   catullus,  1,  2,  upper  and  lower  sides. 
Thanaos  persius,  3,  5  upper  side,  4  under  side. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  149 

Genus  THANAOS,  Boisduval. 

Butterfly — Antennae  have  a  moderately  large  club,  curved,  bluntly 
pointed.  The  palpi  are  porrect,  the  third  joint  almost,  concealed  in  the 
hair  of  second.  All  dark  in  color. 

PERSIUS'  DUSKY-WING,  Thanaos  persius,  Scudder. 


Fig.  108.     Thanaos  persius,  from  Helena.    Fig.  109.     Thanaos  persius. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.2  to  1.4  inches,  30  to  35  mm.  Upper  surface 
dark  brown  with  a  row  of  small  white  spots  before  the  apex  of  the  fore- 
wings,  and  a  single  one  posterior  to  these.  On  the  fore  wings  there  is  a 
transverse  pale  band  just  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wings,  but  this  band 
is  not  as  well  defined  as  in  T.  lucilius,  which  is  found  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  United  States.  Hind  wings  more  of  a  reddish  brown  than  the 
fore  wings,  with  two  rows  of  indistinct  ochraceous  spots  near  the  outer 
margin,  and  a  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  in  typical  specimens. 

Underside  of  the  females  grayish  brown,  the  apical  portion  of  the  fore 
wings  gray;  the  white  hyaline  spots  are  repeated,  and  both  wings  have 
two  marginal  rows  of  whitish  spots.  The  males  are  darker  than  the 
females. 

The  species  is  subject  to  great  variation,  some  specimens  being  light 
and  others  dark  in  color.  Holland  says  "There  is  scarcely  any  positive 
clue  to  the  specific  identity  of  the  insect  except  that  which  is  derived 
from  the  study  of  the  genital  armature  of  the  male,  which  is  a  micr- 
scopic  research  capable  of  being  performed  only  by  an  expert  in  such 
matters." 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  feeds  on  willow  and  poplar. 

Distribution — From  New  England  across  to  the  Pacific,  southward  as 
well.  In  the  state  it  has  been  taken  by  Elrod  at  Missoula  and  in  the  Mis- 
sion Mountains;  by  Douglas  and  Smith  at  New  Chicago;  by  Cooley  at 
Bozeman,  by  Brandegee  at  Helena,  and  by  Coubeaux  at  Big  Sandy. 


150  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

AFRANIUS'    DUSKY-WING,   Thanaos   afranius,    Lintner. 


Fig.  110.     Thanaos  afranius. 

Butterfly — The  hind  wings  on  the  upper  side  in  the  male  are  almost 
solid  black,  the  fringes  paler.  On  the  underside  there  is  a  double  row  of 
light  spots  along  the  margin  of  the  hind  wing  in  both  sexes.  On  the 
upper  side  the  female  is  generally  lighter  in  color  than  the  male. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — Common  in  Arizona.       Given  in  Dyar's  list.       We  have 
not  taken  it.       One  specimen  from  Bozeman,  one  from  Helena,  and  one 
from  unknown  locality  we  have  referred  to  this  species. 
Subfamily  PAMPHILINAE. 

In  this  subfamily  is  included  the  greater  number  of  our  smaller 
skippers;  however,  some  of  the  species  are  larger  in  size  than  many  of  the 
Hesperiinae.  All  of  our  tawny  skippers  belong  to  this  subfamily,  as 
well  as  some  black  or  dark-brown  species.  The  antennae  usually  have 
a  stout  club,  with  a  short  recurved  tip;  sometimes  this  tip  is  wanting. 
Fig.  112  shows  plainly  the  venation.  In  the  majority  of  our  species  the 
males  can  be  recognized  by  the  brand;  this  is  a  conspicuous  dark  patch 
crossing  the  disk  of  the  fore  wings  obliquely.  This  brand  is  a  compli- 
cated organ,  composed  of  tubular  scales,  the  androconia,  that  are  the  out- 
lets of  scent  glands,  and  of  other  scales  of  various  shapes;  the  brand  is 
wanting  in  some  species. 

The  Pamphilinae  are  difficult  to  study,  owing  to  the  slight  differences 
in  allied  species.  Either  sex,  moreover,  resembles  the  same  sex  of  other 
species  much  more  closely  than  it  does  the  opposite  sex  of  the  same 
species;  and  the  difficulty  is  further  augmented  from  the  fact  that  in 
several  species  there  are  two  distinct  forms  of  females  which  differ  from 
each  other  more  than  either  does  from  the  females  of  certain  other 
species.  These  species  have  three  forms,  one  male  and  two  female. 
Key  to  Genera. 

1.  Antennae  with  the  point  of  the  club  absent;  end  obtuse  2. 
Antennae  with  the  point  of  the  club  present;  end  sharp  4. 

2.  Fore  wings  of  male  with  a  linear  stigma. 

Fore  wings  of  male  without  a  linear  stigma  3. 

3  Under  surface  of  hind  wings  with  silvery  whites  pots  Pamphila 

Under  surface  of  hind  wings  without  silvery  white  spots  Oarisma 
4.  Antennae  with  the  point  of  the  club  short,  less  than  width  of  club  5. 

Antennae  with  point  of  club  long,  equal  to  or  greater  than  the  middle 
of  club  9. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


151 


10. 


Antennae  in  length  twice  the  width  of  thorax 
Antennae  short,  equal  to  the  width  of  thorax. 
Male  stigma  with  modified  scales  below 
Male  stigma  without  modified  scales  below 
Stigma  apparently  continuous 
A  small  black  area  below  stigma 
An  obscure,  weak  fulvous  area  below  stigma 
Mid  tibiae  with  long  distinct  spines 
Mid  tibiae  not,  or  very  feebly  spined 
Male  with  a  stigma 

Genus   PAMPHILA.   Fabricius. 
THE  ARCTIC  SKIPPER,  Pamphila  palaeman,  Pallas. 


7. 

Ochlodes 
8. 

Thymelicus 
Erynnis 

10. 
Limochroes. 


Fig.  111. 


Fig.  ill.     Pamphila  palaemon. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.10  inches,  27  mm.  This  butterfly  is  wholly 
unlike  any  other  species,  and  is  easily  recognized  from  other  skippers  of 
our  fauna.  The  figure  shows  the  markings.  The  upper  side  of  the 
wings  is  dark  brown  conspicuously  marked  with  yellow  spots.  The  fore 
wings  of  the  male  lack  the  brand;  the  spots  on  the  lower  side  of  the  hind 
wings  are  silvery  white. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  feeds  on  grasses. 

Distribution — The  insect  ranges  from  southern  Labrador  as  far  south 
as  the  White  Mountains  and  the  Adirondacks,  thence  westward,  follow- 
ing a  line  north  of  the  Great  Lakes  to  Vancouver's  Island  and  Alaska. 
It  ranges  southward  along  the  summits  of  the  mountains  as  far  as  South- 
ern California.  Taken  in  the  state  by  Cooley  near  Bozeman.  One 
taken  at  i<  lathead  lake. 

Genus  OARISMA,  Scudder. 
THE    POWESHEIK    SKIPPER,    Oarisma    powesheik. 


Fig.  111A.     Oarisma  powesheik. 


152  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.2  inches,  30  mm.  The  club  of  the  antennae 
lacks  the  terminal  hook.  The  upper  surface  of  both  fore  and  hind  wings 
is  dark  brown;  the  costal  margin  of  the  fore  wings  to  near  the  apex  is 
dull  yellow;  the  fore  wings  of  the  male  lack  the  brand.  On  the  under 
side  the  fore  wings  are  black,  edged  on  the  costa  and  outer  margin  for  a 
short  distance  below  the  apex  with  light  fulvous.  The  veins  and  nervules 
of  the  hind  wings  are  white,  standing  forth  conspicuously  upon  the  darker 
ground  color. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — It  occurs  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Dakota,  and  Mon- 
tana. In  the  state  it  has  been  collected  by  Coubeaux  near  Big  Sandy, 
1904;  by  Cooley  at  Bozeman,  July  18,  19ul,  and  by  Wiley  at  Miles  Citv 
(7),  three  July  4,  18y2,  two  June  2,  1893,  and  two  June  17,  1899. 

THE  GARITA  SKIPPER,  Oarisma  garita,  Reakirt,  may  be  expected 
in  Montana.  It  is  light  fulvous  on  the  upper  side,  with  the  costa  of  the 
hind  wing  somewhat  broadly  marked  with  leaden  grap;  on  the  under  side 
the  fore  wings  are  brighter  fulvous,  with  the  inner  margin  lined  with 
dark  gray.  The  hind  wings  are  paler  fulvous,  inclining  to  gray,  with 
the  inner  margin  brignt  fulvous.  Expanse,  .75  to  1.00  inch,  19  to  25  mm. 
Genus  ERYNNIS,  Schrank. 

Butterfly — The  antennae  are  short,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the 
costa;  the  club  is  robust,  with  a  terminal  crook.  There  is  a  discal 
stigma  on  the  fore  wings  of  the  male.  The  egg  is  somewhate  spherical. 
The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  grasses.  The  chrysalis  is  elongated  and 
cylindrical. 


Fig.  112.     Venation  of  Erynnis. 


THE   UNKAS  SKIPPER,  erynnis  unkas,   Edwards.     Figs.   113,   114. 
Butterfly — Expanse,  1.35  to  1.6  inches,  34  to  40  mm. 
Female — Upper  surface  fuscous,  the  base  and  posterior  part  of  the 
fore  wings,  and  a  broad  band  through  the  hind  wings  from  the  base  out, 
washed  with  dusky  fulvous.      The  fore  wings  have  a  sub-terminal  broken 
row  of  spots,  all  whitish  but  the  last,  which  is  yellowish,  also  a  small 
spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell;  the  two  between  the  branches  of  the  median 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  153 

vein  with  the  outer  angles  much  extended.     Hind  wings  with  the  sub- 
terminal  spots  of  the  under  side  showing  through  a  little. 

Under  side  fuscous  gray,  sprinkled  with  pale  yellow  scales.  The 
spots  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated,  white  in  color, 
those  of  the  sub-terminal  row  blended  into  three  groups,  the  lower  widen- 


Fig.  113.     Erynnis  uncas. 


Fig.  114.     Erynnis  uncas. 

ened  posteriorly,  so  as  to  suffuse  most  of  the  posterior  angle  area.  The 
hind  wings  have  two  very  much  bent  white  bands,  the  outer  not  reaching 
the  inner  margin. 

Male — Upper  surface  fulvous,  the  hinder  portion  washed  with  yellow, 
a  row  of  five  yellow  spots  in  the  outer  fulvous  field.  Stig-ma  very 
oblique,  narrow,  jet-black,  contracted  in  the  middle. 

Hind  wings  washed  with  yellow,  inclining  to  fulvous  in  the  central 
part;  fringes  white,  fuscous  at  base.  Under  side  as  in  the  female. 

On  the  under  side  of  this  species  the  wings  are  beautifully  marked, 
the  spots  reappearing  from  the  upper  as  pearly  white  ones  on  greenish 
gray  brown. 

Early  Stages — These  are  unknown. 

Distribution — It  ranges  from  Delaware  westward  to  Colorado  and  Mon- 
lana.  In  the  state  it  has  been  taken  by  Elrod  at  McDonald  Lake  in  the 
Mission  Mountains  (1),  at  Missoula  (2),  at  the  Biological  Station  at  Flat- 
head  Lake  abundantly,  and  also  in  the  Park  at  Mid-geyser  basin  (2). 
Cooley  has  collected  it  at  several  places  in  the  vicinity  of  Bozeman.  Allen 
has  collected  in  at  Dillon. 

THE  COMMA  SKIPPER,  Erynnis  comma,  Linnaeus. 

Butterfly — The  following  is  taken  from  Scudder's  description  of 
Pamphila  nevada.  which  Dyar  gives  a  synonym  for  Colorado,  which  is  the 
form  taken  in  Montana. 


154  BULLETIN  UNH/ERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

"The  males  differ  from  all  the  other  species  of  this  genus  in  the  clear- 
ness of  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings;  occasionally  the  wings  are  some- 
what suffused  with  dusky,  but  usually  the  hind  wings  have  but  a  narrow 
edging  of  blackish,  broadened,  naturally,  along  the  costal  border;  and 
the  fore  wings,  instead  of  having  a  distinctly  limited  bordering,  as  is 
common  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  in  most  species,  have  the  wing  gradu- 
ally more  and  more  suffused  with  a  warm  bud  dusky  tint  toward  the  tip, 
as  is  not  unfrequently  the  case  in  P.  comma.  Sometimes  the  mesial  belt 
of  the  under  surface  is  isible  above,  but  occasionally,  at  least,  it  is  wholly 
absent.  The  female  scarcely  differs,  upon  the  upper  surface,  from  the 
females  of  P.  comma,  except  in  almost  uniformly  having  the  small 
subapical  spots,  both  those  near  the  costal,  and  those  near  the  outer 
border,  paler  than  the  others,  or  nearly  white,  as  occasionally  happens  in 
the  females  of  P.  comma.  Beneath,  the  mesial  white  band  of  the  hind 
wings  is  more  irregular  and  scattered  than  in  P.  comma.  In  the  male  it 
is  usually  broken  up  into  four  patches,  connected,  by  their  angles  only, 
into  a  continuous  angular  belt;  three  of  these  patches,  of  nearly  equal 
size,  but  the  middle  one  usually  the  largest,  lie  in  a  straight  line  parallel 
to  the  longer  axis  of  the  wing,  situated  one  each  in  the  subcostal  and  sub- 
costo  median  interspaces,  as  far  from  the  outer  border  as  the  second 
patch;  the  medio-submedian  spot  further  removed  from  the  border  than 
the  rest;  the  ground  color  of  the  wing  is  a  greenish  griseous,  and  the 
spots  are  narrowly  edged  exteriorly  and  interiorly  with  blackish.  The 
markings  of  the  female  are  similar,  excepting  that  they  are  usually  a 
little  larger  and  more  obviously  continuous.often  sending  out  on  the  ex- 
terior border  little  shoots  of  white  along  the  nervules." 

This  species  with  its  many  varieties  is  found  in  Europe,  America  and 
Asia.  In  the  Canadian  Entomologist  of  1883,  Vol.  XV,  is  an  interesting 
discussion  by  Dr.  A.  Speyer  and  W.  H.  Edwards  relative  to  the  compari- 
son of  specimens  from  different  localities. 

There  are  the  following  varieties  recognized  in  Dyar's  list,  Bulletin 
52,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.;  oregonia,  Columbia,  Colorado,  idaho,  nevada,  assini- 
boia,  laurentina,  manitoboides,  juba,  viridis,  manitoba.  In  his  later 
revision  of  the  group,  Journal  N.  Y.  Entomological  Society,  September, 
1905,  he  thinks  three  or  four  names  will  suffice.  Laurentina  Lyman,  Colo- 
rado Scudder  equals  manitoba  Scudder  equals  nevada  Scudder,  Columbia 
Scudder,  idaho  Edwards  equals  assiniboia  Lyman  he  refers  to  the  syno- 
nym of  comma. 

The  varieties  are  distinguished  about  as  follows: 

Hind  wings  below  dark  brown,  spots  moderate  laurentina 

Hind  wings  below  green,  spots  often  reduced  Colorado 

Hind  wings  below  grayish  green,  the  spots  often  small  and  tending  to 

form  a  straight  row;  smaller  than  the  other  forms  Columbia 

Hind  wings  below  light  yellow  or  greenish  idaho 

Distribution — This  is  a  European  species,  found  in  Northern  United 
States,  the  Pacific  States,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  States.  Dr.  Coues 
collected  the  variety  Colorado  along  the  northern  border  in  1874.  It  has 
been  taken  by  Barnes  at  Aldridge,  and  by  Brandegee  at  Helena. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  155 

THE   PAWNEE  SKIPPER,   Erynnis  pawnee,  Dodge. 

Male  expanse,  1.45  inches,  36  mm.  Primaries  above  fulvous.  Sub- 
costal, submedian  and  subdorsal  veins  black  at  the  base.  Stigma  black 
and  conspicuous,  followed  by  a  dusky  shade.  A  small  black  line  at  the 
extremity  of  the  disk  is  preceded  by  a  yellowish  white  or  semi-transparent 
spot  in  the  disk;  a  similar  spot,  triangular  in  shape,  appears  between 
the  first  and  second  median  veinTets  at  their  divarcation,  and  two  others 
between  the  sixth  and  seventh  subcostal  veinlets.  The  outer  margin  is 
broadly  bordered  with  brown,  which  is  finely  powdered  with  fulvous  scales 
toward  the  apex. 

Two  nearly  square  fulvous  spots  between  the  last  subcostal  and  first 
median  veinlets,  separate  an  oval  brown  patch  that  lies  at  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  disk,  from  the  border.  Costal  edge  blackish.  Fringe  white, 
dusky  toward  the  apex. 

Secondaries  fulvous,  bordered  with  brown;  broadly  and  darkest  along 
the  anterior  edge,  narrowly  on  the  outer  edge,  where  it  appears  as  cunei- 
form spots  between  the  veinlets,  and  broadly  along  the  innner  edge,  where 
it  is  sprinkled  with  fulvous.  Most  of  the  veins  on  both  wings  are  black. 
Underside  of  both  wings  yellow.  Primaries  black  at  base,  having  a  black 
line  corresponding  to  the  stigma. 

Inner  margin  brown,  preceded  by  a  large  whitish  patch.  Five  pale 
whitish  spots  near  the  apex,  another  in  the  disk,  and  one  between  the 
first  and  second  median  veinlets.  Fringe  white  at  the  anal  angle,  brown 
tipped  with  white  at  the  apex.  Secondaries  have  a  whitish  spot  in  the 
disk,  and  are  crossed  by  a  nearly  straight  row  of  small  whitish  spots. 
Head  and  thorax  greenish  yellow.  Body  black.  Abdomen,  breast  and 
palpi  yellowish  white.  Antennae  black  and  yellow  above,  white  tipped 
with  chestnut  below.  The  spots  on  the  under  side  of  secondaries  some- 
times obsolete. 

Female,  light  brown  above,  with  a  slight  purplish  reflection.  Pri- 
maries sprinkled  with  fulvous  scales  near  the  base  and  inner  edge. 
There  is  a  large,  square,  wKite  spot  in  the  disk,  and  an  unequal,  curved 
row  of  nine  white  spots  extend  from  the  costa — beginning  about  two-tenths 
of  an  inch  from  the  apex — to  the  submedian  vein.  The  first  three  spots 
are  narrow  and  equal,  the  fourth  and  fifth  are  small  and  square  and  lie 
nearest  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing,  the  sixth  is  large  and  triangular,  the 
seventh  largest  and  square,  the  eighth  and  ninth  are  irregular  in  shape 
and  partly  fulvous. 

Secondaries  darkest  along  the  anterior  margin.  A  curved  row  of 
five  whitish  yellow  spots,  of  which  the  second  and  third  are  longest, 
crosses  the  wing  beyond  the  disk,  and  in  the  disk  is  a  small  yellow  spot. 
A  yellow  streak  precedes  the  last  median  veinlet,  run  to  the  outer  margin. 
Fringe  of  all  the  kings  white.  Below,  on  the  primaries,  the  same  white 
spots  appear  as  above,  except  that  th  eeighth  and  ninth  are  merged  in  a 
large  whitish  patch  situated  as  in  the  male.  A  brown  patch  covers  part 
of  the  base  and  inner  margin,  and  extends  to  the  center  of  the  wing.  On 
the  secondaries  three  small  white  spots  appear  near  the  apex.  The 
ground  color  of  both  wings  is  yellowish  white,  most  deeply  tinged  with 
fulvous  near  the  costal  border  of  the  primaries.  Fringes  white.  Head, 


15C  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

thorax  and  body  brown  above.  Abdomen  and  palpi  white.  Antennae 
black  above,  whitish  tipped  with  red  l^elow.  This  species  was  taken  at 
Glencoe,  Nebraska,  upon  high  rolling  prairie,  from  the  first  to  the  middle 
of  September. 

The  above  is  the  original  description,  copied  from  Canadian  Ento- 
mologist, Vol.  VI,  No.  3. 

Distribution — The  Western  plains,  Utah  and  Nebraska,,  according  to 
Dyar.  Given  in  "List  of  Butterflies  taken  by  H.  K.  Morrison  in  Dakota 
and  Montana,  1881,"  in  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIV,  1882.  We 
cannot  tell  from  this  list  whether  it  was  taken  on  the  plains  of  Dakota  or 
Montana. 

THE  WOODLAND  SKIPPER,  Thymencus  sylvanoides,  Boisduval. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.25  to  1.34  inches,  31  to  34  mm. 

Male,  upper  side  fulvous,  darker  at  outer  edge;  a  black  stigma,  large; 
several  (three)  light  spots  near  outer  angle,  beyond  stigma.  Female, 
upper  side  with  less  fulvous,  the  wings  prevalently  fuscus,  and  the  red 
color  reduced  to  a  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell;  a  median  band  of  fulvous 
spots  on  both  wings.  On  the  under  side  in  both  sexes  the  wings  are 
quite  pale  gray,  with  the  costa  near  the  base  and  the  cell  of  the  primaries 
reddish.  The  primaries  at  the  base  near  the  inner  margin  are  blac.  The 
spots  on  the  under  side  reappear,  but  are  pale  and  faint.  This  is  to  be 
expected  in  the  state,  but  we  nave  not  seen  the  species  among  the  col- 
lections. 

Early  Stages — Unknown. 

Distribution — The  species  ranges  along  the  Pacific  coast  from  British 
Columbia  to  California,  and  eastward  to  Colorado. 
Genus  OCHLODES,  Scudder. 
THE   INDIAN  SKIPPER,  Ochlodes  sassacus  Harris.       Fig.  115. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.2  to  1.4  inches,  30  to  35  mm. 

Male — Upper  surface  fulvous,  dark  brown  or  balck  through  the  discal 
cell  and  along  the  border,  the  base  dusky.  A  black,  oblique  stigma  or 
sex-mark  below  the  cell. 

Under  side  pale  fulvous,  the  posterior  part  fuscus;  the  five  sub- 
terminal  spots  of  the  upper  surface  repeated,  a  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell, 
a  large  triangular  patch,  with  dentate  outline,  all  yellowish  white.  The 
hind  wings  have  a  sub-terminal  band  of  six  whitish  spots  across  the 
anterior  two-third  of  the  wing,  and  a  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell. 


Fig.  115.     Ochloedes  sassacus,  female  on  left,  male  on  right. 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA.  157 


Fig.  116.     Ochloedes  sassacus,  upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  male. 

Female — This  is  larger,  the  fulvous  ground  color  paler,  the  outer  mar- 
ginal shades  darker,  and  the  discal  stigma  is  replaced  by  a  dark  brown 
shade.  The  fore  wings  have  a  row  of  eight  yellow  spots,  and  two  elongate 
spots,  more  or  less  distinct,  in  the  outer  part  of  the  cell. 

On  the  under  side  the  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated,  pale,  the 
lower  of  the  outer  row  broadly  expanded. 

Body  brown  above,  with  grayish  hairs,  lighter  beneath. 

Early  Stages — The  caterpillar  feeds  on  grasses. 

Distribution — From  New  England  to  Florida,  westward  to  Colorado 
and  Montana.  In  Montana  collected  by  Elrod  at  Missoula  (9),  at  Mc- 
Donald Lake  in  the  Mission  Mountains  (3),  and  in  numbers  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Montana  iological  Station.  Douglas  and  Smith  collected  it  at 
Wiles  Hot  Springs  (14). 

Genus   LIMOCH  ROES.   Scudder. 

The  antennae  are  about  half  as  long  as  the  costa;  the  club  is  robust, 
elongate,  with  a  very  short  terminal  crook;  the  palpi  have  the  third  joint 
erect,  short,  bluntly  conical.  The  male  has  a  linear  discal  stigma  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  fore  wing.  The  egg  is  hemispherical,  somewhat  flat- 
tened on  the  top.  The  larvae  feed  on  grasses,  and  construct  a  tube-like 
nest  of  delicate  films  of  silk  between  the  blades. 

THE  CROSS-LINE  SKIPPER,  Limochroes  manataaqua,  Scudder. 

Butterfly — Expanse,  1.00  to  1.20  inches,  25  to  33  mm. 

In  the  male  the  wings  are  dark  brown  marked  and  tinged  with  yellow; 
the  brand  is  very  slender  and  nearly  straight;  outside  of  it  there  is  a 
patch  of  brown  scales,  which  makes  it  appear  wider  than  it  is;  between 
the  brand  and  the  costal  margin  the  wing  is  heavily  covered  with  yellow 
scales,  and  the  transverse  row  of  spots  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing  is 
more  or  less  distinct;  the  hind  wings  are  tinged  with  yellow,  sometimess 
the  transverse  row  of  spots  is  faintly  indicated. 

In  the  female  the  wings  are  dark  brown  above  with  a  transverse  row 
of  whitish  spots  beyond  the  middle  of  the  fore  wing;  hind  wings  without 
spots. 

Distribution— The  species  is  reported  to  have  a  general  distribution 
over  the  United  States.  It  has  been  collected  by  Cooley  at  Bozeman. 


158  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Fig.   117.     Old   cabin  at  Swan   Lake,   where  Vanessa  j.   album,   the 
Compton  tortoise  shell  butterfly,  was  taken  in  great  numbers. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  159 


List  of  Species  of  Butterflies  Collected  by  Campbell  Carrington  and 
William   B.   Logan,  of  the  Expedition,  in  1871. 

±iy  W.  H.  Edwards. 
Papilio  rutulus,  Boisduval. — Junction. 

turnus.  Linn. — Montana. 
Parnassius  smintheus,  Doubleday. — Junction;  Yellowstone. 

clodius,  Menetus. — Montana. 

Pieris  protodice,  Bois.     (Printed  Pinis  protodin.) — Several  localities. 
Anthocaris  ausanoides,  Bois. — Hot  Springs. 
Colias  eurytheme  (printed  enegthenu),  Bois. — Hot  Springs. 
philodice   (printed  philodin),  Godart. — Hot  Springs. 
alexandra,  Edwards. — Yellowstone, 
astraea,  Edwards. — Colorado. 
Argynnis  edwardsii,  Reakirt. — Junction, 
montivaga,  Behr. — Junction, 
meadii,  Edwards. — Colorado, 
myrina,  Cramer. — Colorado. 

Melieta  (spelled  Meletaea)  hofmanii,  Beahr. — Junction. 
Phyciodes  tharos,  Boisd. 
Grapta  satyrus,  Edwards. — Hot  Springs. 
Pyrameis  huntera   Drury. — Montana. 
Vanessa  antiopa,  Linn. — Montana. 

milberti    (spelled  melbertii),  Godart. — Bozeman  City. 
Coenonympha  ochraces,  Edwards. — Virgink.  City. 
Erebia  rhodia,  Edwards. — Yellowstone. 

haydenii,  Edwards,  new  species. — Yellowstone. 
Satyrus  nephele,  Kirby. — Yellowstone. 

silvestris,  Edwards.— Virginia  City, 
sthenele,  Bois.— Virginia  City. 

Chrysophanus  rubidus,  Edwards. — Stinking  Creek,  (Mont). 
Lycaena  anna,  Edwards. — Pleasant  Valley. 

acmon,  Bois. — Meadow  River.  (Mont.) 
Pyrgus  syrichtus,  Fab. — Montana. 
Herpena  comma,  Linn. —  Virginia  City. 

In  addition  to  the  above  were  several  specimens,  especially  of  Lycae- 
nidae,  that  were  too  much  injured  for  recognition. 

W.  H.  EDWARDS, 

January,  1872.  Coalburgh,  West  Virginia. 

EREBIA  HAYDENII,  Edwards,  New  species. 
Male:     expanse,  1.6  inches. 

Upper  side  fuscous,  immaculate;  under  side  a  shade  paler,  much 
irrogated  with  gray  scales;  primaries  immaculate;  secondaries  have  a 
complete  series  of  black  ocelli  along  the  edge  of  hind  margin,  one  on 


160  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

each    interspace;    each    ocellus    narrowly   ringed    with    ochraceous,    and 
having  minute  white  pupil. 

The  above  is  copied  from  "Preliminary  Report  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  of  Montana  and  Portions  of  Adjacent  Territories:  Be- 
ing a  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  Progress.  By  F.  V.  Hayden."  This  is  the 
report  for  18  <1,  printed  in  1872. 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA.  161 


Literature  Used  in   Connection  With  This  Study. 


Barber,'  H.  G.,  a  List  of  Nebraska  Butterflies.  Proc.  Nebr.  Acad.  Sci., 
Vol.  IV,  pp.  16-22,  1894. 

Behr,  H.  Proceedings,  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  3,  1863-68,  description  of 
Lemonias  (Melitea)  cooperi. 

Comstock,  John  Henry  and  Anna  Botsford.  How  to  Know  the  Butter- 
flies. 1904.  Appleton's. 

Dodge,  G.  M.  Hesperia  pawnee,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  VI,  No.  3, 
1874. 

Dyar,  Harrison  G.,  A  Review  of  the  Hesperidae  of  the  United  States. 
Journal  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.,  1905,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  3,  pp.  111-142. 

Dyar,  Harrison  G.  A  List  of  North  American  Lepidoptera  and  Key  to 
the  Literature  of  this  Order  of  Insects.  Bui.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  52. 
1902. 

Dyar,  Harrison  G.  The  Lepidoptera  of  the  Kootenai  District  of  British 
Columbia.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Vol.  XXVII,  pp.  779-938,  1904. 

Dyar,  Harrison  G.  Lepidoptera  of  the  Harriman  Alaskan  Expedition, 
Alaska,  Vol.  III.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  1904. 

Edwards,  William  H.  The  Butterflies  of  North  America,  three  olumes, 
quarto,  with  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  colored  plates.  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.  Last  volume  issued  in  1897. 

Edwards,  W.  H.  List  of  Species  of  Butterflies  Collected  by  Campbell 
Carrington  and  William  Logan,  of  the  Expedition,  in  1871.  "Prelimi- 
nary Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  of  Montana  and 
Portion  of  Adjacent  Territories.  Being  a  Fifth  Annual  Repor  of 
Progress.  By  F.  V.  Hayden,"  1871,  printed  in  1872. 

Edwards,  W.  H.  Description  of  two  New  Species  of  North  American 
Butterflies,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIV,  1882,  pp.  2-6. 

Edwards,  W.  H.  On  the  Lepidoptera  collected  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  U.  S. 
A.,  in  Montana,  during  1874. 

Edwards,  W.  H.  Notes  on  Dr.  A.  Speyer's  paper  relative  to  Hesperiidae. 
Can.  Ent.  Vol.  XV,  No.  8,  pp.  147-151,  1883. 

Edwards,  W.  H.  Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  Meliteas  belonging  to 
North  America.  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XX,  pp.  81-84,  1888. 

Edwards,  W.  H.  Notes  on  Danais  Archippus.  Canadian  Entomologist, 
Vol.  XX,  pp.  84-86,  1888. 

Elrod,  Morton  J.  A  Biological  Reconnoiscance  in  the  Vicinity  of  Flat- 
head  Lake.  Bui.  Univ.  of  Mont,  Biol.  Series  No.  3,  pp.  89-182,  pi. 
XVII-XLVI. 

Elwes,  Henry  J.  A  Revision  of  the  Genus  Argynnis,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc. 
Lond.,  189,  Part  IV,  pp.  535-575. 


1G2  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Elwes,  Henry  J.  Notes  on  the  Genus  Erebia.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.. 
1889,  Part  II,  pp.  317-342. 

Elwes,  Henry  John.  A  Revision  of  the  Genus  Erebia.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc. 
Lond.,  1898,  Part  II,  pp.  169-207. 

Field  W.  L.  W.  Problems  in  the  Genus  Basilarchia.  Psyche,  Vol.  XI, 
Numoer  1,  pp.  1-6,  three  plates. 

Fiske,  William  F.  An  Annotated  Catalogue  of  the  Butterflies  of  New 
Hampshire.  N.  H.  Col.  Ag.  Ex.  Sta.,  Technical  Bulletin  No.  1,  1901. 

French,  G.  H.     Butterflies  of  the  Eastern  United  States,  1896,  Lippincott. 

Harris,  W.  H.     Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation.,  1862 

Holland,  J.  G.     The  Butterfly  Book,  1898. 

Mead,  Theodore  L.  Description  of  two  new  California  Butterflies,  Cana- 
dian Entomologist,  Vol.  X,  pp.  196-199,  1878. 

Scudder,  Samuel  H.  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Generic  Names  Proposed 
for  Butterflies;  a  Contribution  to  Systematic  Nomenclature.  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Aemircan  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston,  1875, 
N.  S.  Vol.  II,  pp.  91-294. 

Scudder,  Samuel  H.  Bulletin  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  History, 
Volume  ii,  1875,  pp. 

Scudder,  Samuel  H.     Butterflies  of  the  Eastern  United  States. 

Scudder,  Samuel  H.  The  species  of  the  Lepidopterous  Genus  Pamphila. 
Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  II,  Part  III,  Number  IV,  pp.  341-354, 
2  plates,  1874. 

Skinner,  Henry.  A  Synonymic  Catalogue  of  the  North  Ameican  Rhopa- 
locera.  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  1898. 

Skinner,  Henry.  Revision  of  the  American  Species  of  the  Genus  Coeno 
nympha.  Transactions  American  Entomological  Society,  Vol.  XXVI, 
1900,  pp.  299-310,  one  colored  plate. 

Speyer,  Dr.  A.  Remarks  on  the  Hesperiidae  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Edwards.  Can.  Ent  Vol.  XV,  No.  8,  pp.  141-147,  1883. 

Strecker,  Hermann.  Butterflies  and  moths  of  North  America,  with  col- 
ored plate.  Reading,  Pa.,  1878. 

Snyder,  Arthur  J.  The  ^rgynnids  of  North  America.  Reprinted  from 
Occasional  Memoirs  of  the  Chicago  Entomological  Society,  Vol.  I, 
No.  1,  1900. 

Wiley  C.  A.  Butterflies  at  Miles  City,  Montana.  Entomological  News, 
'  Feb.  1894,  pp.  36-37. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  1C3 


Glossary. 


Abbreviated,  as  applied  in  Biology,  shorter  than  the  ordinary  type. 

Abdomen,  the  posterior  part  of  the  body. 

Aborted,  imperfectly  developed;  redimentary. 

Aciculate,  needle-shaped,  more  slender  than  subulate. 

Acuminate,  terminating  in  a  long  tapering  point. 

Albino,  an  animal  or  plant  exhibiting  an  abnormal  deficiency  of  coloring 

matter. 
Alpine,   as  applied   in  Biology,  inhabiting  a  mountain  region  above  the 

limits  of  forest  growth. 

Anal,  pertaining  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  body. 
Anal  angle,  the  inner  or  posterior  angle  of  the  hind  wings,  next  to  the 

body. 

Angulate,  having  angles. 
Annulate,  furnished  with  colored  rings. 

Antennae,  two  articulated  organs  of  sensation,  situated  on  the  head. 
Anterior  margin,  the  front  margin  if  the  wing;  the  costa. 
Apex,  that  part  of  the  wing  which  is  farther  from  the  body;  the  angle  be- 
tween the  costa  and  the  outer  margin. 
Ashen  or  ashy,  ash-colored. 
Aureus,  golden  yellow. 
Basal,  relating  to  the  base. 

Base,  as  applied  to  a  wing,  that  part  which  is  joined  to  the  body. 
Bifid,  cleft. 
Bipupillate,  applied  to  an  ocellate  spot  having  two  pupils  or  dots  within 

it  of  a  different  color  from  the  rest  of  the  spot. 
Body,  the  three  parts  of  an  insect,  head,  thorax,  abdomen. 
Boreal,  pertaining  to  the  north. 
Bronze,  the  color  of  old  brass. 
Buff,  a  brownish-yellow  color. 
Capillary,  hair-like;  long  and  slender,  like  a  hair. 

Carinate,  keeled ;  having  a  longitudinal  prominence  like  the  keel  of  a  boat. 
Caterpillar,  the  larva. 
Cavdate,  tailed: — generally  applied  to  the  posterior  wings  of  Lepidoptera 

to  indicate  tail-like  projections. 
Cell,  usually  in  Lepidoptera  the  space  between  the  subcostal  and  median 

veins;  the  discal  cell. 

Chitine,  the  hard  part  on  the  outside  of  insects. 
Chrysalis,  the  third  stage  of  the  insect,  counting  the  egg  one. 
Ciliate,  fringed. 
Clavate,  club-shaped. 
Coalesce,  to  grow  together  or  unite. 
Collar,  scales  back  of  the  head,  forming  more  or  less  of  a  ring;  the  neck. 


164  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OP  MONTANA. 

Concolorous,  of  the  same  color,  as  the  body  agreeing  in  color  with  the 
wings. 

Confluent,  running  into  each  other. 

Coniferous,  cone-bearing. 

oonnivent,  conveying  or  approaching. 

Conoidal,  tending  to  a  conical  form. 

Contiguous,  touching;  placed  so  near  as  a  touch. 

Convergent,  approaching  each  other  towards  the  tip. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped. 

Corrugated,  wrinkled. 

Costa,  the  thickened  anterior  part  of  the  wing  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

Cremaster,  the  anal  hooks  of  the  chrysalis,  which  fasten  into  silk  to  hold 
the  chrysalis  in  place. 

Crenate,  scalloped. 

Cretaceous,  chalky. 

Cruciferous,  pertaining  to  the  Cruciferae  or  mustard  family  of  plants. 

Cubitus,  the  second  longitudianl  vein  of  the  fore  wing. 

Cuneiform,  wedge,  shaped. 

Cupreous,  coppery;  the  color  of  copper. 

Dentate,  toothed. 

Diaphanous,  semi-transparent,  clear. 

Dichotomous,  forked;  dividing  by  pairs. 

Diffuse,  spreading. 

Dimorphous,  two-formed: — applied  to  a  species  existing  in  two  forms 
having  different  colors  or  markings. 

Discoidal,  disk-shaped. 

Disk,  the  surface  within  the  margin, — usually  between  the  end  of  the 
cell  and  the  outer  margin. 

Diurnal,  as  applied  to  Lepidoptera,  active  during  the  day. 

Divergent,  tending  in  different  directions. 

Dorsal,  of  the  back. 

Dorsum,  the  back  or  upper  surface. 

Echinate,  set  with  prickles. 

Edematous,  dull  translucent  white. 

Edge,  the  margin. 

Egg,  the  first  stage  of  an  insect. 

Ellipsoid,  pertaining  to  a  solid  every  plane  of  which  is  an  ellipse  or  circle. 

Elliptical,  in  the  form  an  ellipse. 

Emarginate,  notched. 

Entire,  the  margin  smooth,  or  without  teeth. 

Entomology,  the  branch  of  zoology  that  treats  of  insects. 

Epysillate,applied  to  an  ocellate  spot  included  in  a  colored  ring,  but  desti- 
tute of  a  pupil  or  central  dot. 

Excision,  a  cutting  off  or  out. 

Eyes,  the  organs  of  sight,  composed  of  numerous  hexagonal  facets. 

Fasciated,  banded. 

Fauna,  the  animal  distribution  of  an  era,  or  of  a  stated  period. 

Fawn-color,  light  yellowish  brown. 

Ferruginous,  of  the  color  of  iron-rust. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  1G5 

Filiform,  thread-  shaped. 

Foveae,  shallow  rounded  depressions  or  pits. 

Frontal,  pertaining  or  relating  to  the  front. 

Fuliginous,  sooty;  soot-colored. 

Fulvous,  orange-yellow. 

Fuscous,  dark  brown  with  slight  mixture  of  gray. 

Fusiform,  spindle-shaped. 

Geminate,  situated  in  pairs. 

Gemmate  having  buds. 

Generic,  pertaining  to  a  genus. 

Genus,  an  assemblage  of  species  "which  correspond  in  particular  characters 

Globular,  like  a  round  ball. 

Glutinous,  slimy,  viscid. 

Granulated,  covered  with  small  grains. 

Gregarious,  living  in  society,  or  many  feeding  together. 

Habital,  a  suuation  or  locality  frequented  by  insects. 

Head,  the  anterior  part  of  the  body. 

Hibernaculum,  a  case  of  web  and  leaves  in  which  larvae  or  pupae  hiber- 
nate, or  a  cocoon  of  silk. 

Hibernate,  to  pass  through  or  survive  the  winter. 

Hind  margin,  that  part  of  the  fore  wings  which  is  included  between  the 
base  and  the  posterior  angle'. 

Hirsute,  rough  with  strong  hairs. 

Hoary,  covered  with  a  fine  white  silvery  substance  or  pubescence. 

Humeral,  the  vein  in  the  humerus. 

Humerus,  the  anterior  base  of  the  wing. 

Hyaline,  transparent;  vitreous. 

Hybrid,  an  animal  or  plant  produced  from  the  mixture  of  different  breeds, 
species  or  genera. 

Imago,  the  perfect  or  adult  insect. 

Imbricated,  tiled;  placed  one  over  another,  like  shingles  on  the  roof  of  a 
house. 

Immaculate,  without  spots. 

Incanous,  hoary. 

Inconspicuous,  not  readily  discernible. 

Inner  margin,  that  margin  of  the  hind  wings  which  extends  from  the  base 
to  the  anal  angle;  by  some  authors  used  to  denote  the  posterior  or 
hind  margin  of  the  fore  wings. 

Inscriptions,  markings. 

Involute,  coiled  specially  as  certain  antennae. 

Iridescence,  a  many  colored  appearance. 

Iris,  of  an  ocellate  wing  spot,  is  a  circle  that  surrounds  the  principal  spot. 

Irrorate,  sprinkled. 

Joints  or  Articulations,  the  divisions  of  thebody  or  segments  of  the  larva; 
the  divisions  of  the  pupa,  more  particularly  the  abdomen;  the  divi- 
sions of  the  antennae. 

Labial  palpi,  articulated  filaments,  one  on  each  side  of  the  labium. 

Labium,  the  lower  tip. 


ICG  BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Labrum,  the  upper  tip. 

Lanceolate,  lance  or  spear  shaped. 

Larva,  the  second  stage  of  an  insect,  counting  the  egg  the  first. 

Lateral,  situated  on  the  side. 

Laved  or  washed,  covered  with  scales  of  a  color  different  from  the  ground 

color,  but  not  quite  obscuring  the  latter. 
Lenticular,  lens-shaped. 
Lepidoptera,  an  odler  of  insects  having  four  wings  covered  with  minute 

imbricated  scales;  butterflies  and  moths. 
Lethargic,  becoming  torpid  or  inactive. 
Linear,  narrow  and  of  nearly  uniform  width. 
Lineated,  streaked  or  marked  with  lines. 
Livid,  dark  gray,  verging  towards  violet. 
Longitudinal,  the  direction  of  the  longest  diameter. 
Lunate,  crescent-shaped;  formed  like  a  new  moon. 
Lunule,  a  crescent-shaped  marking. 
Lurid,  of  a  dirty  brown  color. 
Lustrous,  shining. 
Maculate,  or  maculated,  spotted. 
Mandibles  ,the  upper  jaws. 
Margin,  the  edge  of  wing,  or  along  tae  edge. 

Maxillae,  the  lower  jaws,  placed  between  the  upper  :'aws  and  the  lower  lip. 
Median,  middle. 

Mesial,  middle,  as  a  band  or  stripes  across  the  middle  portion  of  the  wing. 
Mesothorax,  that  division  of  the  thorax  to  which  the  middle  pair  of  legs 
-e  attached. 

are  attached. 
Metamorphoses,    transformations. 

are  attached. 

Moult,  or  Molt,  shedding  or  casting  off  the  larva  ski'n. 
Nebulous,  clouded. 
Nervule,  a  small  nerve  or  nervure. 
Nervures,  divisions  of  the  nerves  or  veins  of  a  wing. 
Neuration,  or  Venation,  the  arrengement  of  the  veins  of  the  wings. 
Niger,  black  a  little  tinged  with  gray. 
Obconic.  inversely  conic. 
Obcordate,  inversely  heart-shaped. 

Oblong,  the  transverse  diameter  much  shorter  than  the  longitudinal. 
Obviate,  inversely  egg-shaped. 
Obsolescent,  growing  obsolete. 
Obsolete,  indistinct. 
Occiput,  the  hinder  part  of  the  head. 

Ocelli,  eye-like  spots  on  the  wings  of  Lepidoptera;  single  eyes  of  insects. 
Ochreous,  yellow  with  a  slight  tinge  of  brown. 
Olivaceous,  olive-green. 
Opaque,  having  no  luster,  dull. 
Orbicular,  round. 
Order,  the  subdivision  of  a  class. 
Oval,  broadly  elliptical. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  1G7 

Ovate,  egg-shaped. 

Overlaid,  heavily  sprinkled  with  scales  of  a  different  color  from  the  ground 

color;  clouded;  overcast. 
Palpi,  in  butterflies,  the  three  jointed  organs  beneath  the  head  between 

which  the  tongue  is  coiled  like  a  watch-spring. 
Perianth,  as  applied  in  Botany  are  the  floral  leaves  that  inclose  the  young 

sporophylls. 

Petiole,  of  a  leaf,  the  stalk-like  portion  that  bears  the  blade. 
Piceous,  pitchy;  the  color  of  pitch. 
Pika,  a  tailless  hare  found  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Pile,  very  minute,  short  hairs. 
Pileated,  crested;  cap-shaped. 
Pilous,  having  long,  sparse  hairs. 
Polymorphous,  applied  to  a  species  existing  in  several  different  forms  a? 

to  color,  markings,  or  size. 
Porrect,  straight  out. 
Posterior  angle,  the  angle  formed  by  the  outer  margin  and  the  posterior 

or  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wing. 
Posterior  margin,  that  portion  of  the  fore  wings  which  is  opposite  the 

costa. 

Postmedia  vein,  a  vein  lying  between  the  media  and  cubitus. 
Premedia  vein,  a  vein  lying  between  the  media  and  radia. 
Primaries,  the  fore  wings  of  Lepidoptera. 
Proboscis,  the  tongue  or  sucking  organ. 
Pronotum,  the  anterior  part  of  me  covering  of  the  thorax,  the  covering  of 

the  thorax. 
Prothorax,  the  first  division  of  the  thorax,  to  which  the  first  pair  of  legs 

are  attached. 
Protuberant,  bulging. 

Pruinous,  hoary;  covered  with  a  whitish  powder. 
Pubescent,  coated  with  fine  hair  or  down. 
Punctured,  marked  with  small  empressed  dots. 

Pupa,  the  third  stage  of  an  insect,  country  the  egg  the  first;  the  chrysalis. 
Pupate,  to  assume  the  pupa  form. 
Pupil,  of  an  ocellus,  the  central  point. 
Quadrangular,  having  four  angles. 
Quadrate,  square,  or  nearly  square. 
Radius,  a  vein  of  the  wing;  the  subcostal. 
Remote,  separate;  not  near  together. 
Reniform,  kidney-shaped. 
Reticulate,  resembling  net-work. 

Retractile,  capable  of  being  exserted  or  drawn  in  at  pleasure. 
Retuse,  ending  in  an  obtuse  sinus. 
Ribs,  ridges  on  eggs  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 
Roseate,  of  a  rose  color. 
Rosevs,  rose  color. 
Rufous,  reddish. 
Rugose  or  Rugous,  wrinkled. 
Russet,  reddish  or  yellowish  brown. 


168  BULLETIN  UNiVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped. 

Sanguineous,  of  the  color  of  arterial  blood. 

Scabrous,  rough,  with  projecting  points. 

Scales,  the  dust  or  imbricated  pieces  covering  the  wings. 

Secondaries,  the  hind  wings  of  Lepidoptera. 

Segment,  a  ring  or  division  of  the  body. 

Sericeous,  silky. 

Serrate,  saw-toothed. 

Sessile,  connected  with  the  part  to  which  it  is  attached  without  the  in- 
tervention of  a  peduncle  or  stalk. 

Seta,  a  bristle. 

Sinuate,  indented. 

Sinuous,  curving,  winding  or  folding. 

Sinus,  an  indention  of  execution. 

Sparse,  scattered. 

Species,  an  assemblage  of  individuals  possessed  of  permanent  charac- 
teristics of  size,  color,  and  ornamentation,  by  which  they  may  be  dis- 
tinguished from  other  forms,  and  which  breed  true  to  their  type. 

Spinous,  armed  with  spines. 

Spiracle,  breathing-holes  on  the  side  of  the  body;  the  stigmata. 

Sporophylls,  as  applied  to  Botany,  leaves  which  produce  only  spores. 

Sprinkled,  marked  with  thinly-scattered  scales  of  another  color  than  the 
ground  color. 

Stigmata  (singular  Stigma),  the  breathing-holes  on  the  sides  of  the  body; 
also,  sometimes,  spots  on  a  wing. 

Stigmated,  resembling  stigmata. 

Striae,  lines;  transverse  elevated  lines  on  eggs. 

Striate,  marked  with  lines. 

Stridulator,  a  locust,  grasshopper,  or  other  insect  that  makes  a  musical  or 
shrill  sound  by  rubbing  together  specially  hardened  parts  of  the  body. 

Subapical,  situated  below  the  apex. 

Subcosta,  the  subcostal  vein,  situated  behind  and  near  the  costal  vein  of 
an  insects  wing. 

Submarginal,  applied  to  a  space  or  line  within  the  margin. 

Subocellate,  applied  to  an  ocellus  without  a  pupil. 

Suffused,  blurred  with  a  color  other  than  the  usual  one. 

Sulphureous,  bright  yellow;  the  color  of  sulphur. 

Tail,  the  terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen;  an  appendage  at  the  posterior 
part  of  the  hind  wings. 

Tarsi,  the  feet. 

Tawny,  dull  yellowish  brown. 

Terminal,  at  the  extremity 

Testaceous,  tile  or  brick  color. 

Thorax,  that  part  of  the  body  which  is  back  of  the  head. 

Tibia,  that  part  of  the  leg  which  is  next  to  the  foot. 

Tippet,  one  or  two  scale-like  appendages  of  the  pronotum  of  Lepidoptera. 

Tongue,  the  sucking-tube  of  Lepidoptera. 

Tosidity,  a  lethargic  state  of  hibernation. 

Translucent,  semi-transparent. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA.  16ft 

Transverse,  crosswise. 

Trochanter,  an  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  thigh. 

Trophi,  the  mouth  parts. 

Truncate,  cut  square  off. 

Tubercle,  a  small  swelling  or  prominence. 

Undulating,  vibrating;  wavy. 

Umbel,  as  applied  to  Botany,  a  flower-cluster  in  which  a  number  of  the 

same  length  spring  from  the  same  point,  thus  radiating  like  the  stays 

of  an  umbrella. 
Variation,  a  deviation  in  function  or  structure  from  the  usual  form,  but  not 

breeding  true  to  type. 

Veins  and  Venules,  the  frame  work  of  tne  wings. 
Venation,  see  neration. 
Venter,  the  lower  part  of  the  body. 
Ventricose,  distended. 

Verticillated,  arranged  in  a  circle  around  an  axis. 
Villi,  soft  hairs. 
Violaceous,  violet  color. 

Vitellinus,  yellow  with  a  slight  tinge  of  red. 
Vita,  a  longitudinal  colored  line. 
Washed,  see  laved. 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  MONTANA. 


171 


INDEX 


Acadia,  30,  31,  128. 

Acadican  hair-streak,  the,  128. 

Acastus  checker-spot,  75. 

Acmon,  159. 

Actinella,  17. 

Admiral,  red,  99;  Wiedemeyers,  104. 

Airanius,  150. 

Agapetinae,  44,  105. 

Aglais,  50,  97;  milberti,  67,  97,  159. 

Agriades,  136. 

Alcestis,  57,  58. 

Aldridge,  Mont.,  4. 

Alexandra.  40,  159. 

Allium,  17. 

Alope,  106. 

Alpines,  the,  113. 

Andes,  collecting  butterflies  in  the,  43. 

Amyntula,  189. 

Anicia,  73. 

Anoisa,  45;    plexippus,  45,  67. 

Anosia  plexippus,  migration  of,  47. 

Anthocaris,  32. 

Antiopa,  96,  159. 

Aphrodite,  54,  57,  58. 

Archippus,  103. 

Arge,  65. 

Artonys,  54,  65. 

Ariadue,  39. 

Argynnis,  3,  5,  50,  54. 

Argynnis  aphrodite,  57,  58;  atlantis, 
63;  bremneri,  62;  cybele,  54;  cy- 
pris,  67;  edwardsii,  3,  5*9,  67,  159; 
electa,  63;  eurynome,  17,  64;  hes- 
peris,  61;  lais,  54;  leto,  44,  56; 
meadii,  159;  montivaga,  159;  neva- 
densis,  3,  60,  61,  67;  rhodope,  62. 

Astragalus,  47. 

Atalanta,  99. 

Atlantis,  63. 

Arctics,  the,  119. 

Arctic  skipper,  151. 

American  coppers,  134. 

Astraea,  159. 

Augustus.    130. 

Ausonides,  33,  159. 

Banded  hair-streak,  the,  128. 

Barnes,  Geo.  E.,  4. 

Barber,  H.  G.,  iol. 

Basilarchia,  50,  102;  disippus,  67;  ar- 
chippus,  103;  lorquina,  104;  wiede- 
meerii,  67,  104. 

Beckeri,  27,  31. 

Becker's  white,  32. 


Behr,   H.,   161. 

Big  Sandy,  Mont.,  4. 

Bischoffi,  65. 

Bluebell,  108. 

Blues,  the,  124. 

Bottle,  for  killing,  7. 

Brandegee,  E.  N.,  4. 

Breir.neri,  54,  62. 

Brown.  Lisle  W.,  4. 

Brenthis,  50,  69. 

Brenthis,   helena,   17,   69,   71;    bellona, 

69,  10;  myrina,  5,  69,  70,  149. 
Bruce's  Swallowtail,  24. 
Bruce's  checkerspot,  73. 
Butterflies^on'  Chimborazo,  104. 
Butterfly   Facuies,   140. 
Cabbage  butterfly,  29. 
Camberwell  beauty,  the,  96. 
California  tortoise  shell,  92. 
California  white,  31. 
Camillus  crescent,  82. 
California,  92,  94. 
Carlota   crescent,   80. 
Castilleia,  17. 
Cardui,  100. 
Caryae,   101. 
Catullus,  68,  148. 
Cercyonis,  105;  alope,  106;  charon,  71; 

oetus,  71;  sthenele,  159. 
Callophrys  dumetorum,  130. 
Centaurea,  145. 

Chalceria  cupidus,  135;   snowi,  135. 
Checkered  skipper,  147. 
ChecKer  spots,  72. 
Chief  mountain,  98. 
Chimborazo,  43,  104. 
Chionobas  varuna,  71. 
Chrysophanus  hypophleus,  71. 
Chyxus  butterfly,  120. 
Claudia,  51,  67. 
Clio,  54,  65. 

Clouded  checkerspot,  75. 
Colias  alticola,  43. 

Collecting  Butterflies  in  Montana,  108. 
Collecting  insects,  7. 
Colorado  blue,  the,  137. 
Coenonympha,  114;  haydeni,  116,  elko. 

115;  ochracea,  67,  14,  159;  tiphon, 

116. 

L'ompton  tortoise,  90. 
Cooley,  Prof.  R.  A.,  4. 
Cooper's  checker  spot,  76. 
Coral  hair  streak  131. 


172 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Coubeaux,  Eugene,   4. 

Coppers,  the,  124,  134. 

Craig,  Pres.  O.  J.,  5. 

Crossline   skipper,    157. 

Cupido,    135;    lycaea,    135;    saepiolus, 

136. 

Cunninghami,  65. 
Cyanide  bottle,  7. 
Cyaniris  ladon,   138. 
Cybele,  54,  57. 
Danais  archippus,  67. 
Dark  wood-nymph,  107. 
Daunus  butterfly,  20,  66. 
Desraodium,  51. 
Dodge,  G.  M.,  161. 
Dumetorum,  130. 
Dusky-wing,   149. 
Dyar,  H.  G.,  161. 
Early  hair  streak,  the,  131. 
Edwards,  W.  H.,  2,  119,  161. 
Edwardsii,  54,  59,  149. 
Edwards'  Fritillary,  59. 
Edith's  copper,  132. 
Electa,  54,  63. 
Elrod,  M.  J.,  161. 
Ellis,  41,  42. 
Elko,  115. 

Elwes,  H.  J.,  161,  162. 
Epargyreus,  143,  tityrus,  144. 
Erynnis,    151,    152;      assiniboia,      155; 

comma,  154;  Colorado,  155;  lauren- 

tina,  155;    nevada,  155;    Columbia, 

155;   pawnee. 
Elfins,  the,  129. 
Eryphon  hair  streak,  130. 
Epidemia,    133;    helloides,    133;    mari- 

posa,    134. 
Erora,  laeta,  131. 

Erebia,  113;  epipsodea,  13;  rhodia,  159. 
Euvanessa,  50,  67,  96,  159. 
Euvanessa  antiopa,  stridulation  in,  97. 
Erigeron  macranthus,  70. 
Eriphyle,  39. 
Erinna,   65. 
Eugonia,  50. 
Eugonia   j-album,    90,    93;    californica, 

92. 

Euchloe,  32,  67. 
Euploeinae,  44. 
Euptoieta,  50,  51,  67. 
Eurymedon  Swallowtail,  23. 
Eurynome,  54,  64. 
Eurymus;  alexandra,  5,  37,  38,  40,  159; 

eurytheme,    37,    38,    40,    67,    159; 

ariadne,  39,  astraea,  159;  eriphyle, 

38,  67;  elis,  41,  42;  keewayden,  38; 

meadii,   17,    37,   41,   42;    ochracea, 

17;      philodice,    37,    38,    40,    159; 

scudderi,  37,  41. 
Eurytheme,   38,  40,  67,  159. 
Everes  amyntula,  139. 


Exchanges,  123. 

Faun,  the,  85. 

Faunus,  85. 

Field,  W.  L.  W.,  162. 

Fiske,  Wm.  F.,  162. 

French,  G.  H.,  162. 

Fritillaries,  the,  54. 

Gaeides,  132;   editha,  132;  xanthoides, 

133. 

Garita,  152. 

Geddes,  Capt.  Gamble,  59. 
Geum,  17. 

Giant  skippers,  142. 
Glossary,   162. 

Gossamer  winged  butterflies,  124. 
Great  copper,  the,  133. 
Graceful  anglewing,  the,  88. 
Gracilis,  88. 
Grapta  zephyrus,  67. 
Great  Spangled  Fritillary,  54. 
Gray  Hair-Streak,  the,  126. 
Green  white-spotted   hair  streak,   130 
Greenish  blue,  136. 
Harris,    »,.  H.,  162. 
Hayden,  F.  V.,  160. 
Hayden's   ringlet,    116,   159. 
Hadge-row    hair-streak,    127. 
Helena  fritillary,   71. 
Heodes  ,134;   hypophleas,  134. 
Heliconinae,  44. 
Heliopetes  syrichtus,  146. 
Hesperis,   59,   61. 
Hesperis  Fritillary,  61. 
Hesperiina,.superfajnily,  13,  142. 
Hesperiidae,  142. 
Hesperia  tesselata,   147. 
Hesperopsis  lena,  147. 
Hoary  elfin,   the,   129. 
Hoffmanns  checker  spot,  75,  159. 
Holland,  W.  J.,  123,  162. 
Humooldt,  104. 
Huntera,  101,  15y. 
Hyde,  M.  E.,  77. 
la  alia,  54. 
Incisalia,  129;   irus,  129;   niphon,  129; 

eryphon,  130;  augustus,  130. 
Indian  skipper,  156. 
Irus,  129. 
j-album,  90,  93. 
Keewayden,  39. 
Labelling  insects,  9. 
Lady  butterflies,  98. 
Laidon,  116. 

Leanira  checker  spot,  75. 
Laeta,  131. 
Lemonias,  50,  72;    chalcedon,  72;    ani- 

cia,  72,  73;  brucei,  72,  73;  cooperi, 

72,    76;    hoffmannii,    72,    75,    159; 

leanira,  72,  75;   nubigena,  72,  75; 

taylori,,.^,  73;   whitneyi,  72,  76. 
Leto,  44,  54,  56,  57. 


BUTTERFLIES  OP  MONTANA. 


173 


Leto  butterfly,  the,  56. 

Ladon,  138. 

Lena  skipper,  147. 

Libytheinae,    44. 

Limochroes,    151,    157;      manataaqua, 

157. 

Liparops,  128. 
List    of    Butterflies    taken    by    H.    R. 

Morrison,  .118. 
Lorquina,   104. 
Louisiana  tanager,  108. 
Lycaea  blue,  the,  135. 
Lycaenidae,  13,  124. 
Lgdanus,  136. 
McDougal  Peak,  18,  93. 
Maley,  Frances  Inez,  4.      • 
Mariposa  lily,  108. 
Mariposa,   134. 
Mead,  Theodore  L.,  162. 
Meadow  browns,  105. 
Meadii,  41,  42,  140. 
Mertensia,  17. 
Meadow  fritillary,  70. 
Meadow  crescent,  81. 
Melinus  butterfly,  the,  126. 
Melissa,  124,  137. 

Migration  of  Anosia  plexippus,  48. 
Milberti,  97,  159. 
Milbert's  tortoise  shell,  97,  159. 
Miles  City,  3. 
Mission  Mountains,  18,  93. 
Monarch  butterfly,  45,   102. 
Mount  Lo  Lo,   3. 
Mountain   swarming  of  Vanessa  cali- 

fornica,  94. 
Monuste,   27. 
Montana   College   of   Agricutlure    and 

Mechanic  Arts,  4. 
Montivaga,  147,  149. 
Mountain  silver  spot,  63. 
Mount  Shasta,  94. 
Mourning  cloak,  the,  96. 
Musta,-d  white,   30. 
Mylitta  crescent,  80. 
Myrina,  69,  149. 
Napi,  27,  30. 

Neominois  ridingaii,  121. 
Neophasia,    26,    27;     menapia    26,    27. 
Nephele,  106,  159. 
Net  ,how  to  make,  7. 
Nevadonsis.  54,  60. 
Nevada  Fritillary,  60. 
Nitra  swallowtail,  25. 
Niphon,  129. 

Nomiades,  136;  lygdanus,  136. 
Northern  duskywing,  194. 
Nub:gona,  l.< 
Nymphalidae,   13,   44. 
Nymphalinae,  44,  50. 
Nyn«phs/  the,  50. 


Occidentalis,  27,  29. 

Ochracea,  114,  159. 

Ochre  ringlet,  114. 

Oeneas,  119;  chryxus,  5,  120;  uhleri, 
120. 

Ochlodes,    150,    156;    sassacus,    156. 

Oarisma,  150,  151;  powesheik,  151; 
garita,  152. 

Olympia,    35. 

Orange  margined  blue,  the,  137. 

Oiange  tip,  33. 

Pallida,  30,  31. 

Painted  Lady,  100. 

Papering  specimens,  8. 

Pamphila,  150;    palaemon,  150. 

Pamphilinae,    150. 

Papilio,  19;  bairdii,  24;  brucei,  19,  24; 
daunus,  19,  20,  22;  eurymedon,  19, 
23;  nitra,  ly,  2C;  oregonia,  24; 
turnus,  19,  21,  22,  159;  rutulus,  19, 
2,  159;  zolicaon,  19,  24,  25,  67. 

Papilionidae,   13. 

Papilionina,   superfamily,  13. 

Papilioninae,  sub-family,  19. 

Parnassiinae,  13. 

Parnassius,  14,  159;  clodius,  14,  16, 
159;  smintheus,  14,  15,  17,  18. 

Pearl  crescent,  79. 

Persius,  dusky-wing,  149. 

Pawnee  skipper,  155. 

Philodice,  37,  159. 

Pholison  catullus,  148. 

Phyciodes,  5.  50,  78;  tharos,  67,  78,  79, 
159;  mylitta,  78,  80;  nycteis,  car- 
lota,  67,  78  ,80;  pratensis,  78,  81; 
camillus,  78,  82. 

Pieridae,  13,  26. 

Pierinae,  26. 

Pike's  Peak,  18. 

Pinning  forceps,  10. 

Pins,  10. 

Pieris  Xanthoides,  43. 

Pine  white,  26. 

Pinchincha,  26. 

Pileated   woodpecker,   109. 

Plexippus,  45. 

Polygonia,  50. 

Polygonum,  17. 

Polygonia,  84,  94;  gracilis,  84,  87; 
faunus,  85;  hylas,  85;  silenus,  85; 
pratensis,  81;  zephyeus,  67,  85,  87. 

Pontia,  26,  27;  beckeri,  27,  32;  mon- 
uste,  27;  napi,  27,  30;  occidentalis, 
27,  29;  protodice,  27,  28,  67,  159; 
rapae,  27,  29,  65;  sisymbri,  27,  31. 

Potassium  cyanide,  7. 

Potentilla,  17. 

Portulaca,  51. 

Portulaca,  51. 

Poweshiek  skipper,  151. 


174 


BULLETIN  UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA. 


Pratensis,  81. 

Protodice  butterfly,  28. 

Purplish  copper,  the,  133. 

Pylades,   144. 

Pyrameis  cardui,  67. 

Pyrgus,  monticaga,  147;   syrictus,  159. 

Rapae,  27,  29. 

Reakirt's  copper,  134. 

Red  admiral,  99. 

Regal  fritillary  4. 

Rhodia,  159. 

Rhodope,  54,  62. 

Rhamnus,  23. 

Ricker,  Edith,  4. 

Ricker,  Maurice,  49. 

Riding's  satye,  121. 

Ringlets,  the,  114. 

Ringless  ringlet,  the,  115. 

Rubidus,  135,  159. 

Ruddy  copper,  the,  135. 

Rustier  136. 

Rusticus,  136;  melissa,  124,  137;  glau- 

con,  137;  shasta,  138. 
Ruffed  grouse,  109. 
Rutulus  swallow-tail,  66. 
Sara,  34. 

Satyr,  the,  86;  Ridings',  121. 
Satyrus,  159;   olympus,  5. 
Sassacus,  156. 
Saepium,  127. 
Scelothrix,  i*5;   centaurea,  145;   scrip- 

tura,  146. 

Scudder,  S.  H.,  162. 
Scudder's  sulphur,  41. 
Scudderi,  41. 
Sedum,  17,   51. 
Semnopsyche,   50. 
Setting  board,  10. 
Scriptura,   146. 
Shasta  blue,  the,  138. 
Shasta,   Mt,   94. 
Silene,  17. 
Silver   spots,   54. 
Silver-bordered  fritillary,  69. 
Silvery  blue,  136. 
Sisymbri,  27,  31. 
Skippers,  the,  .142. 
Silver  spotted  skipper,  144. 
Skinner,  Henry,  162. 
Snyder,    A.    J.,    162. 
Small   checkered   skipper,   146. 
Sooty-wing,  the,  148. 
Speyer,  Dr.  A.,  162. 
Southern  white,  28. 
Snow's  copper,  135. 
Spring  azure,  138. 
Strymon  titus,  131. 
Spaulding,  T.  C.,  4. 
Speyeria,   52,  67. 


Sthenele,  159. 

Spreading  insects,  9. 

Striduation  in  Euvanessa  antiopa,  97. 

Strecker,  Hermann,  162. 

Streckers  sulphur,  41. 

Sulphur,  the  common,  37. 

Sulphur,  alexandus,  40. 

Sulphurs,  the,  26,  37. 

Swan  Range,  4,  18,  93. 

Swan  Lake,  93. 

Sylvestris,  105,  159. 

Synchloe,  26,  32;    sara,  32;   ansonides, 

33;   sara,  34;   olympia,  35. 
Syrichtus,  146,  159. 
Swinton,  A.  H.,  97. 
Taylor's  ciiecker-spot,  73. 
Thanaos,   149;    persius,   149;    afranius, 

150. 

Tnymelicus,  151. 
Tessellata,  71,  147. 
Thaj?02,7  79,  159. 
Thermopsis,  41. 
Thistle  butterfly,  160. 
Tiphon,   116. 
Tityrus,   68,   144. 
Tortoise  shell,  Milbert's,  97. 
Thecla    ,127;     acadica,    128;     calanus, 

128;  saepium,  127;  liparops,  128. 
Turnus,  66,  21. 
Turnus  swallowtail  21,  66. 
University  of  Montana  Biological  Sta- 
tion, 2,  15. 
Uhleri,  120. 
Uncas,  153. 
Uranotes  mlinus,  126. 
Uranotes  melinus,  126. 
Vanessa,  50,  98,  99;  atalanta,  99;  cali- 

fornica,    5,    67,    94;      cardui,    100; 

caryae,    101;     huntera,    101,    159; 

j-album,   5. 

Variegated   Fritillary,   51. 
Varuna,  120. 

Venation  of  i-ie  wings,   10. 
Viceroy,   the,   103. 
Ward,   Albertine,   141. 
West  Coast  Lady,  101. 
Western   white,   29. 
western  tailed  blue,  139. 
Whitney's  checker  spot,  76. 
Whites,  the,  26,  27. 
Whymper  in  the  Andes,  43. 
Wiley,  C.  A.,  34,  112. 
Wiedemeyer's    admiral. 
Wiedemeyeri    ,104. 
Wiley,   C.   A.,   162. 
vVbod-nymphs,    105. 
Woody,  Mt.,  6. 
Zephyr,   the,    87. 
Zephyrus,  87. 
Zo.icaon  butterfly,  35,  66. 


ERRATA. 

Page  3,  seventh  line  from  the  bottom,  read  edwarasii  for  edwardsi. 

Page  5,  sixth  line  from  bottom,  read  Lycaena  for  lycana. 

Page  14,  for  Fig.  13,  read  Fig.  14. 

Page  15,  for  Fig.  14,  read  Fig.  13. 

Page  66,  eleventh  line  from  the  bottom,  read  zolicaon  for  zolicoan. 

Page  97,  third  line  from  top,  for  Branedgee  read  Brandegee. 

Page  111,  seventh  line  from  bottom,  for  Spiraea  read  Spiraea. 

Page  112,  tenth  line  from  bottom,  for  Lycaona  read  Lycaena. 

Page  112,  twenty-third  line  from  bottom  for  Basilachia  read  Basilarchia. 

Page  112,  fifth  line  from  bottom,  for  sminthcus  read  smintheus. 

Page  140,  first  line  of  fourth  stanza,  for  whitness  read  whiteness. 

Page  143.     In  the  key,  after  Hesperopsis  read  P.  147;  after  Scelothrix  read 

P.  145;  after  Heliopetes  read  P.  147;  after  Pyrgus  read  P.  147;  after 

Pholisora  read  P.  148;  after  Thanaos  read  P.  149. 
Page  151.     In  the  key,  after  Ochlodes  read  P.  156;  after  Thymelicus  read 

P.  156;  after  Erynnis  read  P.  152;  after  Limochroes  read  P.  157. 
Page  156.     After  THE  WOODLAND  SKIPPER  read  Thymelicus. 
Page  159.     Seventh  generic  name  from  top,  read  Melitaea  for  Melieta. 


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Volume  I.     Bulletins  of  the  University  of  Montana,  Biological  Series. 

No.  1.  Summer  Birds  of  Flathead  Lake,  by  P.  M.  Silloway.  84  pp., 
Plates  I— XVI. 

No.  2.  Announcement  of  the  Fourth  Annual  Session  of  the  University 
of  Montana  Biological  Station.  4  pp. 

No.  3.  A  Biological  Reconnaissance  in  the  Vicinity  of  Flathead  Lake, 
by  Morton  J.  Elrod.  Pp.  89—182,  plates  XVIII— XLVI,  figs.  1—3. 

No.  4.  Announcement  of  the  Fifth  Annual  Session  of  the  University 
of  Montana  Biological  Station.  Pp.  183—190,  4  ills. 

No.  5.  Lectures  Delivered  at  the  University  of  Montana  Biological 
Station  during  the  Session  of  1902.  Pp.  191—288,  plates  XLVII— LII,  figs. 
4—31. 

No.  6.  Additional  Notes  to  Summer  Birds  of  Flathead  Lake,  by 
Perley  Milton  Silloway,  with  Introduction  by  Morton  J.  Elrod.  Pp.  289 — 
308,  plates  LIII— LVII. 

No.  7.  Lichens  and  Mosses  of  Montana,  a  list,  by  Wilson  P.  Harris 
and  Carolyn  W.  Harris.  Pp.  309-331.  Plates  LVIII— LXIV. 

No.  8.  Announcement  of  the  Sixth  Annual  Session  of  the  University 
of  Montana  Biological  Station.  Pp.  332-343. 

No.  9.  Announcement  of  the  Seventh  Annual  Session  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Montana  Biological  Station.  Pp.  343-355. 

Volume  II. 

No.  10.  The  Butterflies  of  Montana,  by  Morton  J.  Elrod,  M.A.,  Ph.D., 
assisted  by  Frances  Inez  Maley,  B.A.  Pp.  1-174,  one  colored  and  thirteen 
black  and  white  plates,  and  twenty-five  figures. 


